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معالجة الطباعة .. المعالجة والطباعة بالأبيض والأسود .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Print processing
The exposed print is processed on the " wet " side of the darkroom by a developing and fixing procedure similar to that for the film . A latent image has been formed wherever light reached the paper during exposure .. Since more light passed through the clear parts of the negative than the darker parts , the print will be a positive image with dark shadows and light highlights .
Equipment and procedure
The basic equipment for print processing , shown below , differs from that used for film . You need three trays - one for each of the chemicals instead of a developing tank , and the procedure takes place under orange safelighting rather than in darkness . You use the same type of stop bath and fixer as before , but you need a faster acting developer , which is more concentrated .
The usual development time for paper- based paper is about two minutes . Resin- coated ( " plastic - based " ) papers , described on the opposite page , need shorter times in all the processing stages than paper - based papers their development time is only about one and a quarter minutes .
Maintain the developer temperature at 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) throughout ; this may mean housing the developer tray inside another , larger tray containing warm , or cool , water . Give the prints their full development time ; even if they seem to be coming up too dark , give them the full two minutes and make any corrections by altering the exposure time , not the development .
Print processing equipment
Three trays
Processing chemicals
Graduate
Dish thermometer
Tongs
Rubber gloves
Timer
Each of the three plastic trays must be big enough to hold the largest print you intend to make regularly ; the one you use for fixing should be slightly bigger because it will accumulate work . The developer and stop bath should be diluted for use , then thrown away after each printing session . You can keep the fixer mixed at work- ing strength in its tray or a bottle . Use three different colored plastic tongs , one for each tray , to pre- vent mixing the solutions when transfering the prints .
Basic sequence
The print pro- cessing sequence is also develop , stop or rinse , fix , then wash . Care- fully space the trays to avoid one solution contami- nating another .
Print processing sequence
1. Check that the temperature of the developer is 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) and make a note of the develop- ment time before you start . Slide the paper , face down , into the developer .
2. Turn the paper over using the tongs so that the emulsion side of the paper is face up and even- ly coated with developer .
3. Gently rock the tray to keep the paper constantly moving . After about 30-40 seconds an image should start to appear on the paper . Always give the full development time .
4. When development time is complete lift out the print and allow it to drain . Then lower the print into the stop bath ( or water ) , releasing the tongs before they reach the solution .
5. Pull the print through the stop bath with the stop bath tongs and transfer it to the fixer with the fixer tongs . Paper - based prints should remain in normal type fixer for at least 10 minutes .
6. Once the print has been in the fixer for about one minute you can examine it in normal light to decide whether it should be darker ( needing more expo- sure ) or lighter ( needing less exposure ) . Prints can remain in the fixer for up to 20 minutes without harm .
Print processing
The exposed print is processed on the " wet " side of the darkroom by a developing and fixing procedure similar to that for the film . A latent image has been formed wherever light reached the paper during exposure .. Since more light passed through the clear parts of the negative than the darker parts , the print will be a positive image with dark shadows and light highlights .
Equipment and procedure
The basic equipment for print processing , shown below , differs from that used for film . You need three trays - one for each of the chemicals instead of a developing tank , and the procedure takes place under orange safelighting rather than in darkness . You use the same type of stop bath and fixer as before , but you need a faster acting developer , which is more concentrated .
The usual development time for paper- based paper is about two minutes . Resin- coated ( " plastic - based " ) papers , described on the opposite page , need shorter times in all the processing stages than paper - based papers their development time is only about one and a quarter minutes .
Maintain the developer temperature at 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) throughout ; this may mean housing the developer tray inside another , larger tray containing warm , or cool , water . Give the prints their full development time ; even if they seem to be coming up too dark , give them the full two minutes and make any corrections by altering the exposure time , not the development .
Print processing equipment
Three trays
Processing chemicals
Graduate
Dish thermometer
Tongs
Rubber gloves
Timer
Each of the three plastic trays must be big enough to hold the largest print you intend to make regularly ; the one you use for fixing should be slightly bigger because it will accumulate work . The developer and stop bath should be diluted for use , then thrown away after each printing session . You can keep the fixer mixed at work- ing strength in its tray or a bottle . Use three different colored plastic tongs , one for each tray , to pre- vent mixing the solutions when transfering the prints .
Basic sequence
The print pro- cessing sequence is also develop , stop or rinse , fix , then wash . Care- fully space the trays to avoid one solution contami- nating another .
Print processing sequence
1. Check that the temperature of the developer is 68 ° F ( 20 ° C ) and make a note of the develop- ment time before you start . Slide the paper , face down , into the developer .
2. Turn the paper over using the tongs so that the emulsion side of the paper is face up and even- ly coated with developer .
3. Gently rock the tray to keep the paper constantly moving . After about 30-40 seconds an image should start to appear on the paper . Always give the full development time .
4. When development time is complete lift out the print and allow it to drain . Then lower the print into the stop bath ( or water ) , releasing the tongs before they reach the solution .
5. Pull the print through the stop bath with the stop bath tongs and transfer it to the fixer with the fixer tongs . Paper - based prints should remain in normal type fixer for at least 10 minutes .
6. Once the print has been in the fixer for about one minute you can examine it in normal light to decide whether it should be darker ( needing more expo- sure ) or lighter ( needing less exposure ) . Prints can remain in the fixer for up to 20 minutes without harm .
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