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الطباعة بالتلامس .. المعالجة والطباعة بالأبيض والأسود .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Contact printing
Your first job in the darkroom is likely to be contact printing the negatives you have just processed . Contact printing means plac- ing the negatives with their emulsion side in contact with the emulsion side of a sheet of light - sensitive photographic bromide paper ( further information on photographic papers is on p . 77 ) . Bromide paper is sensi- tive to normal light but not to orange light so only use an orange safelight , and always remember to replace the spare sheets in their light - proof container before turning on normal lighting . To print the negatives on to the bromide paper , expose them to light from a reading lamp or empty en- larger . You will be able to judge the required exposure time with experience After exposure , remove the negatives and process the print as shown on page 76 .
Preparing and printing the negatives
The basic equipment for making a contact print is shown right . It is helpful to cut the film into strips of six negatives- this way a complete 36 - exposure film ( i.e. six strips ) will cover one sheet of 10 × 8 ins ( 25.4 x 20.3 cm ) paper . If each film is printed on to a separate sheet , it can be filed and num- bered with its negatives . Make sure that all your negatives are the right way around and that all the pictures are the right way up ( by checking the position of the numbers on the film ) . The strips must be in complete contact with the paper : lay a sheet of heavy , clean glass on to the negatives and the paper to press them together . Equally you can use a contact printing frame this saves time when several contact prints are wanted from one film .
Identifying the emulsion surfaces of film and paper
Film and photographic bromide papers curve slightly , with their emulsion surfaces inwards . For film , check by the lettering - this should be the right way around when read from the back , i.e. the non - emulsion side of the film .
Exposing equipment
Contact printing frame
Exposure timer
Light source ( desk lamp or enlarger )
Bromide paper
Negative file
Orange safelight
Making a contact print - exposure
1. Use a soft , dry cloth to clean dust and marks off the glass .
2. Change to safelighting , and lay a sheet of bromide paper . emulsion side upward , on the baseboard . Place your negatives on this , emulsion side downward .
3. Cover the paper and the negatives with the glass . If you are using a contact printing frame , close the lid on top of the paper and negatives .
4. Estimate the exposure time from experience - try eight seconds ( with the enlarger lens two f numbers below the widest aperture ) .
Masking If one strip will print too dark , because the images are very pale , then cover this part- icular strip for half of the total exposure time .
Burning in If one strip looks as if it will print too light , because the images are very dark , then give it double the exposure time .
Contact printing
Your first job in the darkroom is likely to be contact printing the negatives you have just processed . Contact printing means plac- ing the negatives with their emulsion side in contact with the emulsion side of a sheet of light - sensitive photographic bromide paper ( further information on photographic papers is on p . 77 ) . Bromide paper is sensi- tive to normal light but not to orange light so only use an orange safelight , and always remember to replace the spare sheets in their light - proof container before turning on normal lighting . To print the negatives on to the bromide paper , expose them to light from a reading lamp or empty en- larger . You will be able to judge the required exposure time with experience After exposure , remove the negatives and process the print as shown on page 76 .
Preparing and printing the negatives
The basic equipment for making a contact print is shown right . It is helpful to cut the film into strips of six negatives- this way a complete 36 - exposure film ( i.e. six strips ) will cover one sheet of 10 × 8 ins ( 25.4 x 20.3 cm ) paper . If each film is printed on to a separate sheet , it can be filed and num- bered with its negatives . Make sure that all your negatives are the right way around and that all the pictures are the right way up ( by checking the position of the numbers on the film ) . The strips must be in complete contact with the paper : lay a sheet of heavy , clean glass on to the negatives and the paper to press them together . Equally you can use a contact printing frame this saves time when several contact prints are wanted from one film .
Identifying the emulsion surfaces of film and paper
Film and photographic bromide papers curve slightly , with their emulsion surfaces inwards . For film , check by the lettering - this should be the right way around when read from the back , i.e. the non - emulsion side of the film .
Exposing equipment
Contact printing frame
Exposure timer
Light source ( desk lamp or enlarger )
Bromide paper
Negative file
Orange safelight
Making a contact print - exposure
1. Use a soft , dry cloth to clean dust and marks off the glass .
2. Change to safelighting , and lay a sheet of bromide paper . emulsion side upward , on the baseboard . Place your negatives on this , emulsion side downward .
3. Cover the paper and the negatives with the glass . If you are using a contact printing frame , close the lid on top of the paper and negatives .
4. Estimate the exposure time from experience - try eight seconds ( with the enlarger lens two f numbers below the widest aperture ) .
Masking If one strip will print too dark , because the images are very pale , then cover this part- icular strip for half of the total exposure time .
Burning in If one strip looks as if it will print too light , because the images are very dark , then give it double the exposure time .
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