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الخطوة 1: الكاميرا البسيطة .. تقنية الكاميرا .. المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
STEP 1 : THE SIMPLE CAMERA
You can take good photographs with the simplest of cameras - it need only be a light- tight box with a lens ( to select and focus reflected light rays from the subject ) , a shutter ( to admit light briefly to the film ) , and a compartment for film . A simple view- ing system is helpful , to show you which area of a scene will be recorded . Many people start their photography with a simple camera like this- a basic , non - adjustable 35 mm or 110 pocket camera , such as those shown below . However sophisticated your own camera may be , understanding the components and workings of a simple cam- era is important since it applies the basic optical principles of photography ( discussed on pp . 16-19 ) in an elementary manner .
Most simple cameras have a fixed focus lens built in to the front of the body ; focus is not variable , the lens being set to give maxi- mum overall sharpness , as explained below . Behind the lens , a metal shutter consisting of movable blades or a rotating disk pro- tects the film from light . When you press the shutter release button on the top of the camera , the blades open , or the disk rotates , and light falls briefly on the sensitive film surface . The viewing system is usually a tube on top of the camera with a lens at each end . Through it , you look directly at the subject , which will appear reduced in size . This view is not exactly that " seen " by the taking lens and this creates a problem at close distances as explained on the opposite page . Cameras with this type of viewing are called direct vision viewfinder cameras .
Limitations of a simple camera :
It is quite possible to take successful pictures with a simple camera , but you must know its limitations . Work out of doors , in bright light ; watch for viewfinder errors ; and avoid subjects closer than about 6 ft ( 2 m ) be- cause the fixed lens cannot render them in focus . Also , because the lens on a simple camera is cheap , the image is not as sharp or bright as it might be and enlargements are generally of poor quality .
Simple camera formats :
35 mm direct vision viewfinder camera
35 mm film cameras
The majority of cameras , like the basic model shown left , take film 35 mm wide , either in cassettes or in drop - in cartridges , but not both . Cassette cameras have a take - up spool for exposed film ; the film must be re - wound back into the cassette before removal ( as shown on the opposite page ) .
Cartridge cameras merely have a compartment for the cartridge and a mechanism to draw the film on from one end of the self - con- tained pack to the other . Loading is simple and you don't have to rewind the film at the end , but car- tridges cost you more per exposure than cassettes , and the range of film types is more limited .
Pocket size simple cameras :
Simple direct vision viewfinder cameras are made in various sizes besides 35 mm , ranging from 120 rollfilm cameras down to the very popular pocket 110 type , above , which takes pictures only 13 × 17 mm . Because of the considerable enlargement necessary to make prints of an acceptable size , the lens on a 110 camera must be of good quality , and this often increa- ses the cost . In other respects , the simple pocket model works like any basic camera . Film can be bought in cartridges only , a con- venience when loading such a small camera .
Simple camera mechanism :
In all cameras , light rays reflected from a subject , right , are bent through a converging lens and pass a shutter to reach the film . forming an image on it reversed left - to - right and upside down . The fixed lens in a simple camera is situ- ated at or about its " focal length " from the film plane ( see p Positioned here , it brings most rays to sharp focus on the film , so ren- dering any scene sharply from the horizon to about 6+ ft ( 2 m ) . When the shutter is fired , a shaped cut- out allows light to reach the film . The length of this exposure depends on the shutter speed .
Using a simple camera :
The photograph below was taken with a simple 35 mm camera like the one shown opposite . It shows the sort of results you can expect under the right conditions and with a straightforward subject .
Be sure to hold the camera still . On a simple camera the shutter is set to work at about 1/60 sec . which is slow enough to give a blurred picture if you or your subject are moving .
There are advantages to using a simple camera . The viewfinder is bright and clear and everything will always appear sharp . As there are almost no controls to set you can concentrate on the composition of your picture . Within general limitations , very little can go wrong when you use such a camera - as long as you don't expect outstand- ing results every time .
Viewfinder systems :
The viewfinder on a direct vision camera often shows slightly more of the subject than will be recorded . This is intended to help you when framing . Lines , or corners marked in the viewfinder frame , below right , show the true picture area .
Direct vision viewfinders are also subject to a framing error created by " parallax " . This is caused by the position of the viewfinder - above and to one side of the lens . For distant subjects , this slight mis- alignment does not affect the pic- ture , but close - up the viewfinder may show more of the top and one side of the subject than will appear in the picture , see above . When working at the nearest limit of the simple camera's sharpness - often around 6 ft ( 2m ) -try to aim the camera a little high , so that the subject appears low in the frame , to avoid cutting off parts of the subject .
Loading and unloading cassette film :
1. Indoors or in the shade , open the camera back , pull up the re- wind knob and place the cassette in the left - hand compartment . Push down the knob and attach the film to the take - up spool .
2. Use the film advance lever to wind on until the perforations in the full width film engage with the sprockets on the take- up spool . Close the camera back and wind on two frames .
3. At the end of the film you will not be able to wind further and you must rewind the ex- posed film back into the cassette . Press the button in the base of the camera to release the wind- on mechanism , then unfold the handle in the rewind knob and turn this until you feel the film leave the take - up spool . Now open the camera ( in the shade ) and remove the cassette .
Simple camera checklist :
Loading
Load the film in a shady place and make sure that it is properly en- gaged on the take - up spool .
Lighting
Don't try to photograph indoors , or in deep shadow . Ideally choose sunny day with the light some- where behind you , not behind the subject .
Subject distance
Although close - ups look sharp in the viewfinder , on a simple camera they will record out - of - focus . Keep all important subject matter at least 6 ft ( 2 m ) away . If your subject is within 6-13 ft ( 2-4 m ) consider the effects of parallax .
Camera shake
Hold the camera steady , and squeeze , don't jab , the shutter release button .
Unloading
After the last exposure , rewind 35 mm cassette film before you . open the camera back .
STEP 1 : THE SIMPLE CAMERA
You can take good photographs with the simplest of cameras - it need only be a light- tight box with a lens ( to select and focus reflected light rays from the subject ) , a shutter ( to admit light briefly to the film ) , and a compartment for film . A simple view- ing system is helpful , to show you which area of a scene will be recorded . Many people start their photography with a simple camera like this- a basic , non - adjustable 35 mm or 110 pocket camera , such as those shown below . However sophisticated your own camera may be , understanding the components and workings of a simple cam- era is important since it applies the basic optical principles of photography ( discussed on pp . 16-19 ) in an elementary manner .
Most simple cameras have a fixed focus lens built in to the front of the body ; focus is not variable , the lens being set to give maxi- mum overall sharpness , as explained below . Behind the lens , a metal shutter consisting of movable blades or a rotating disk pro- tects the film from light . When you press the shutter release button on the top of the camera , the blades open , or the disk rotates , and light falls briefly on the sensitive film surface . The viewing system is usually a tube on top of the camera with a lens at each end . Through it , you look directly at the subject , which will appear reduced in size . This view is not exactly that " seen " by the taking lens and this creates a problem at close distances as explained on the opposite page . Cameras with this type of viewing are called direct vision viewfinder cameras .
Limitations of a simple camera :
It is quite possible to take successful pictures with a simple camera , but you must know its limitations . Work out of doors , in bright light ; watch for viewfinder errors ; and avoid subjects closer than about 6 ft ( 2 m ) be- cause the fixed lens cannot render them in focus . Also , because the lens on a simple camera is cheap , the image is not as sharp or bright as it might be and enlargements are generally of poor quality .
Simple camera formats :
35 mm direct vision viewfinder camera
35 mm film cameras
The majority of cameras , like the basic model shown left , take film 35 mm wide , either in cassettes or in drop - in cartridges , but not both . Cassette cameras have a take - up spool for exposed film ; the film must be re - wound back into the cassette before removal ( as shown on the opposite page ) .
Cartridge cameras merely have a compartment for the cartridge and a mechanism to draw the film on from one end of the self - con- tained pack to the other . Loading is simple and you don't have to rewind the film at the end , but car- tridges cost you more per exposure than cassettes , and the range of film types is more limited .
Pocket size simple cameras :
Simple direct vision viewfinder cameras are made in various sizes besides 35 mm , ranging from 120 rollfilm cameras down to the very popular pocket 110 type , above , which takes pictures only 13 × 17 mm . Because of the considerable enlargement necessary to make prints of an acceptable size , the lens on a 110 camera must be of good quality , and this often increa- ses the cost . In other respects , the simple pocket model works like any basic camera . Film can be bought in cartridges only , a con- venience when loading such a small camera .
Simple camera mechanism :
In all cameras , light rays reflected from a subject , right , are bent through a converging lens and pass a shutter to reach the film . forming an image on it reversed left - to - right and upside down . The fixed lens in a simple camera is situ- ated at or about its " focal length " from the film plane ( see p Positioned here , it brings most rays to sharp focus on the film , so ren- dering any scene sharply from the horizon to about 6+ ft ( 2 m ) . When the shutter is fired , a shaped cut- out allows light to reach the film . The length of this exposure depends on the shutter speed .
Using a simple camera :
The photograph below was taken with a simple 35 mm camera like the one shown opposite . It shows the sort of results you can expect under the right conditions and with a straightforward subject .
Be sure to hold the camera still . On a simple camera the shutter is set to work at about 1/60 sec . which is slow enough to give a blurred picture if you or your subject are moving .
There are advantages to using a simple camera . The viewfinder is bright and clear and everything will always appear sharp . As there are almost no controls to set you can concentrate on the composition of your picture . Within general limitations , very little can go wrong when you use such a camera - as long as you don't expect outstand- ing results every time .
Viewfinder systems :
The viewfinder on a direct vision camera often shows slightly more of the subject than will be recorded . This is intended to help you when framing . Lines , or corners marked in the viewfinder frame , below right , show the true picture area .
Direct vision viewfinders are also subject to a framing error created by " parallax " . This is caused by the position of the viewfinder - above and to one side of the lens . For distant subjects , this slight mis- alignment does not affect the pic- ture , but close - up the viewfinder may show more of the top and one side of the subject than will appear in the picture , see above . When working at the nearest limit of the simple camera's sharpness - often around 6 ft ( 2m ) -try to aim the camera a little high , so that the subject appears low in the frame , to avoid cutting off parts of the subject .
Loading and unloading cassette film :
1. Indoors or in the shade , open the camera back , pull up the re- wind knob and place the cassette in the left - hand compartment . Push down the knob and attach the film to the take - up spool .
2. Use the film advance lever to wind on until the perforations in the full width film engage with the sprockets on the take- up spool . Close the camera back and wind on two frames .
3. At the end of the film you will not be able to wind further and you must rewind the ex- posed film back into the cassette . Press the button in the base of the camera to release the wind- on mechanism , then unfold the handle in the rewind knob and turn this until you feel the film leave the take - up spool . Now open the camera ( in the shade ) and remove the cassette .
Simple camera checklist :
Loading
Load the film in a shady place and make sure that it is properly en- gaged on the take - up spool .
Lighting
Don't try to photograph indoors , or in deep shadow . Ideally choose sunny day with the light some- where behind you , not behind the subject .
Subject distance
Although close - ups look sharp in the viewfinder , on a simple camera they will record out - of - focus . Keep all important subject matter at least 6 ft ( 2 m ) away . If your subject is within 6-13 ft ( 2-4 m ) consider the effects of parallax .
Camera shake
Hold the camera steady , and squeeze , don't jab , the shutter release button .
Unloading
After the last exposure , rewind 35 mm cassette film before you . open the camera back .
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