تويت
المقدمة - نطاق التصوير الفوتوغرافي ..
المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Introduction - the scope of photography
On August 19th . 1839 , in Paris , it was announced that Louis Daguerre had discovered a way " to capture the image in the camera obscura by the action of light itself " . He had developed a suitable light - sensitive material which could record an image direct . Although this first process was primitive , and it involved exposing the " film " to light for up to half an hour , its impact was tremendous . Here was a way of reproducing landscapes , portraits and other subjects without using drawing skills .
It was forty years before photographs began to appear on the printed page , in books , newspapers and journals - more before first films , and then television , brought motion pictures into our everyday lives . Today we are so accustomed to the existence of photography , we are hardly aware of how it has widened and changed our view of the world . Without photography , our experience of the world around us would be limited only to what we could see with our own eyes.
Photography is an important scientific and documentary tool as well as a creative medium in its own right . The following pages show some of the ways photography has altered and widened our experience . It has , for example , enabled us to get an almost first - hand knowledge of other countries and cultures , and provided detailed images of subjects that the eye could not normally see . At the end of this book , we show you the interpretative and creative potential of photography . These two sections together are designed to introduce you to the and power of modern photography , and to set your technical abilities and practical work in perspective .
Photography and natural history Photography can reveal and record on film unseen aspects of the natural world . The starling , left , was caught in mid - flight using an electronic flash . triggered by the bird itself . The picture of a greenfly . right : and a potato leaf . far right : show the ability of photography to reproduce in detail minute subjects .
Photography and space research Photography has played an important role in space research . Although the picture . right , was taken from about 98.000 miles out in space , weather conditions and certain physical features are still discernable on the Earth .
Photography explores structures Photographing through a micro- scope allows striking comparisons to be made between man - made and natural forms . The picture left shows a bee sting passed through the eye of a needle .
Photography and science
The camera is one of the scientist's most valuable tools . It can record the briefest event with micro - second exposures , or show changes that occur over a long period of time through time lapse techniques where the camera is set up to take a picture perhaps twice a day for a month . Cameras enable us to see a process too quick for our senses to record or too slow for us to remember with accuracy . We can see the detail of an insect's wing during flight or trace the growth of a flower , " stop " the motion of a bullet as it emerges from a gun barrel or record a subject's movements during sleep night after night .
Cameras can be attached to many advanced optical instruments . Astronomers and space technicians can study pictures of galaxies thousands of light years away . The photographs can reveal new information about the universe , and enable astronomers to map out the surfaces of unknown planets . Geographers and meteorologists can also use photographs taken from satellites orbiting the earth to improve existing maps and make weather forecasting more accurate than before . Experts can use special aerial photographs to assess crops or reveal geological features of the landscape which are hidden at ground level . The photographs they use also provide them with a permanent , detailed record of their subject .
Fixed to microscopes and electronic close - up devices the camera can record a world too small for the resolution of the unaided eye . Small objects just inside our visual range take on dramatic proportions when photographed , say . fifty times normal size . Further down the size scale , film can accumulate the three dimensional scan of an electron microscope to show details of structures enlarged five hundred or one thousand times . Some microscopes can go in so close that at magnification of several thousand times , scientists can study on photographs the surface of a single crystal of metal or blood corpuscles .
Such specialized photography is becoming essential for scientific research . Because they can be reproduced in magazines and books with great fidelity , non - specialists can keep in touch with scientific progress and obtain useful information and ideas for their own areas of interest . Engineers can form new ideas about construction from the structures they see in photographs of minute , natural cells . Artists can take inspiration from the designs they see in micro - organisms or views of distant galaxies .
Extending our view of the world
Recording an event or place on film has become an accepted way of authenticating our experience and sharing it with others . Cameras can take us to places and give us the opportunity to share visual sensations beyond our own likely experience . We can share the climb to the summit of Mount Everest . Underground explorers can use camera equipment with powerful flash illumination to show us remote crevices and caves thousands of feet below the earth's surface .
We cannot all get to spectacular viewpoints , but in the hands of an expert the camera can record for us a spectacular aerial view of an oil - rig or a hydro - electric dam . High quality cameras were essential equipment on each of the moon trips for scientific and documentary purposes . They can show us what it was like for the men who actually set foot on the moon . The accurate film record of the voyages and landings , enables us to share the experiences of the astronauts and is an important historical and scientific document . On a lesser scale , travel photography can give us all a taste of remote places and events .
Remote control cameras can take pictures from positions that are too dangerous or too small for man to go . The early tests of the Atom Bomb , for example , were recorded on film by cameras positioned close to the explosion . In industry , remote controlled trolleys are used to carry cameras along narrow drains to record
details of corrosion . The camera unit contains integrated flash lighting as good color results have to be achieved . In hospitals , cameras with a special lens at the end of a flexible , light - bending tube are used . The lens can be pushed deep into a patient's throat or stomach to give the surgeons detailed information on film from which diagnoses can be made . Similar attachments enable cameras to take pictures in furnaces or vacuum chambers , or check the equipment inside an aircraft's wing .
The camera is infinitely more sensitive than the eye , particularly when extended by electron techniques . Things that you cannot normally see can be photographed because light can now be amplified like sound . A camera fitted with a battery- operated image convertor lens will operate at night as if in daylight . Even when there is no moonlight , ambient light from the stars , or reflected off clouds from street lights is sufficient to allow pictures camera . Detail is poorer than normal photography but most of the scene is clearly recorded .
Photography and exploration Cameras and film are now an essential part of all exploration . The pictures taken on the Moon , such as shown above , are of great scientific and historical importance .
Documentary photography Documentary photography has had a long and important history . It began with some of the earliest travel photographs and soon developed into social and political areas , using pictures , such as the slum shown left . to press for reforms .
Photography and technology The aerial picture , right , is one of the more dramatic examples of the use of photography in industry and technology . It shows one of the largest oil - rigs in the world begining a 250 mile journey across the North Sea to its permanent site .
المرشد خطوة بخطوة للتصوير الفوتوغرافي
Introduction - the scope of photography
On August 19th . 1839 , in Paris , it was announced that Louis Daguerre had discovered a way " to capture the image in the camera obscura by the action of light itself " . He had developed a suitable light - sensitive material which could record an image direct . Although this first process was primitive , and it involved exposing the " film " to light for up to half an hour , its impact was tremendous . Here was a way of reproducing landscapes , portraits and other subjects without using drawing skills .
It was forty years before photographs began to appear on the printed page , in books , newspapers and journals - more before first films , and then television , brought motion pictures into our everyday lives . Today we are so accustomed to the existence of photography , we are hardly aware of how it has widened and changed our view of the world . Without photography , our experience of the world around us would be limited only to what we could see with our own eyes.
Photography is an important scientific and documentary tool as well as a creative medium in its own right . The following pages show some of the ways photography has altered and widened our experience . It has , for example , enabled us to get an almost first - hand knowledge of other countries and cultures , and provided detailed images of subjects that the eye could not normally see . At the end of this book , we show you the interpretative and creative potential of photography . These two sections together are designed to introduce you to the and power of modern photography , and to set your technical abilities and practical work in perspective .
Photography and natural history Photography can reveal and record on film unseen aspects of the natural world . The starling , left , was caught in mid - flight using an electronic flash . triggered by the bird itself . The picture of a greenfly . right : and a potato leaf . far right : show the ability of photography to reproduce in detail minute subjects .
Photography and space research Photography has played an important role in space research . Although the picture . right , was taken from about 98.000 miles out in space , weather conditions and certain physical features are still discernable on the Earth .
Photography explores structures Photographing through a micro- scope allows striking comparisons to be made between man - made and natural forms . The picture left shows a bee sting passed through the eye of a needle .
Photography and science
The camera is one of the scientist's most valuable tools . It can record the briefest event with micro - second exposures , or show changes that occur over a long period of time through time lapse techniques where the camera is set up to take a picture perhaps twice a day for a month . Cameras enable us to see a process too quick for our senses to record or too slow for us to remember with accuracy . We can see the detail of an insect's wing during flight or trace the growth of a flower , " stop " the motion of a bullet as it emerges from a gun barrel or record a subject's movements during sleep night after night .
Cameras can be attached to many advanced optical instruments . Astronomers and space technicians can study pictures of galaxies thousands of light years away . The photographs can reveal new information about the universe , and enable astronomers to map out the surfaces of unknown planets . Geographers and meteorologists can also use photographs taken from satellites orbiting the earth to improve existing maps and make weather forecasting more accurate than before . Experts can use special aerial photographs to assess crops or reveal geological features of the landscape which are hidden at ground level . The photographs they use also provide them with a permanent , detailed record of their subject .
Fixed to microscopes and electronic close - up devices the camera can record a world too small for the resolution of the unaided eye . Small objects just inside our visual range take on dramatic proportions when photographed , say . fifty times normal size . Further down the size scale , film can accumulate the three dimensional scan of an electron microscope to show details of structures enlarged five hundred or one thousand times . Some microscopes can go in so close that at magnification of several thousand times , scientists can study on photographs the surface of a single crystal of metal or blood corpuscles .
Such specialized photography is becoming essential for scientific research . Because they can be reproduced in magazines and books with great fidelity , non - specialists can keep in touch with scientific progress and obtain useful information and ideas for their own areas of interest . Engineers can form new ideas about construction from the structures they see in photographs of minute , natural cells . Artists can take inspiration from the designs they see in micro - organisms or views of distant galaxies .
Extending our view of the world
Recording an event or place on film has become an accepted way of authenticating our experience and sharing it with others . Cameras can take us to places and give us the opportunity to share visual sensations beyond our own likely experience . We can share the climb to the summit of Mount Everest . Underground explorers can use camera equipment with powerful flash illumination to show us remote crevices and caves thousands of feet below the earth's surface .
We cannot all get to spectacular viewpoints , but in the hands of an expert the camera can record for us a spectacular aerial view of an oil - rig or a hydro - electric dam . High quality cameras were essential equipment on each of the moon trips for scientific and documentary purposes . They can show us what it was like for the men who actually set foot on the moon . The accurate film record of the voyages and landings , enables us to share the experiences of the astronauts and is an important historical and scientific document . On a lesser scale , travel photography can give us all a taste of remote places and events .
Remote control cameras can take pictures from positions that are too dangerous or too small for man to go . The early tests of the Atom Bomb , for example , were recorded on film by cameras positioned close to the explosion . In industry , remote controlled trolleys are used to carry cameras along narrow drains to record
details of corrosion . The camera unit contains integrated flash lighting as good color results have to be achieved . In hospitals , cameras with a special lens at the end of a flexible , light - bending tube are used . The lens can be pushed deep into a patient's throat or stomach to give the surgeons detailed information on film from which diagnoses can be made . Similar attachments enable cameras to take pictures in furnaces or vacuum chambers , or check the equipment inside an aircraft's wing .
The camera is infinitely more sensitive than the eye , particularly when extended by electron techniques . Things that you cannot normally see can be photographed because light can now be amplified like sound . A camera fitted with a battery- operated image convertor lens will operate at night as if in daylight . Even when there is no moonlight , ambient light from the stars , or reflected off clouds from street lights is sufficient to allow pictures camera . Detail is poorer than normal photography but most of the scene is clearly recorded .
Photography and exploration Cameras and film are now an essential part of all exploration . The pictures taken on the Moon , such as shown above , are of great scientific and historical importance .
Documentary photography Documentary photography has had a long and important history . It began with some of the earliest travel photographs and soon developed into social and political areas , using pictures , such as the slum shown left . to press for reforms .
Photography and technology The aerial picture , right , is one of the more dramatic examples of the use of photography in industry and technology . It shows one of the largest oil - rigs in the world begining a 250 mile journey across the North Sea to its permanent site .
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