أكاديميا - كولنز - معاجم الجيب العلمية - الفيزياء - انكليزي - فرنسي - عربي الحرف ٢_ i

Academia - Collins - Pocket Scientific Dictionaries - Physics - English - French - Arabic Letter 2_ I


insulation
isolation f

isolation . A technology that aims to reduce the transfer of energy from one place to another. Thus, thermal insulation reduces energy loss from high-temperature areas or energy gain from low-temperature areas. People use many methods to insulate homes in cold climates, such as those shown in the figure below.

cold air
Warm room
Slurry containing air
Paper containing air
An air gap that may be filled with foam
A brick contains air

Electrical insulation often requires covering conductors with non-metallic materials to mitigate loss of charge (and therefore energy). In fact, metals are good conductors of thermal and electrical energy, and we do not use them for insulation except as reflectors of radiation.


integrated circuit (IC)
Circuit m integrated

Integrated circuit. A device in which a number of circuit elements are formed on the surface of a silicon semiconductor in most cases. The circuit elements and the wires connecting them are placed in strips on the surface.

Modern integrated circuits can contain hundreds of thousands of circuit elements on a piece of paper that is only a few square millimeters in size. These circuits are cheap, consume very little electricity, and operate very quickly.

As a result of the progress achieved in these microelectronics, a modern pocket computer whose price is no more than a few pounds has the capacity of old machines. . Without its problems.
These machines cost millions of pounds and required...
To private and spacious places.

...
intensity f

intensity. Power (rate of energy transfer) of radiation. The intensity of a sound wave is related to its loudness. The intensity of the light wave gives brightness. In all cases, the amplitude of the wave determines its intensity. See also illumination.


interference. interference
interaction f

overlap. All waves are transmitted by vibration. Medium is a property of the medium: vibration. This property is pressure in the case of sound, the strength of the electric field in the case of light, and surface level in the case of water waves. Hence, it is not possible for two or more waves to meet in one place and at one time without one affecting the other (or interfering with it). However, two or more waves of the same type can enter the same place and leave it at the same time, as if the other waves did not exist.

The actual displacement at any point and any time within the overlap region is the resultant of the displacements resulting from each wave. The figure below shows the resultant of two waves of the same type crossing the same point during the same period.

We come to know these outcomes by means of “superposition,” that is, adding the effects together. The entire region occupied by such an overlap is called the interference region.

Permanent interference patterns, or fringes, may appear if:

a) The waves were exactly the same type.
B) The waves had approximately the same amplitude.
C) The waves were passing through the same space at the same time. The drawing below shows a typical interference pattern with water waves. It radiates from the binary source the lines of the nodes (no displacement) and the lines of the antinodes.

Audio interference patterns appear around two speakers that are exactly the same and radiate the same pure tone. Interference patterns can also be obtained in light (“Young's fringes”). These effects prove that sound and light are wave movements.
See also standing waves and beats.