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sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid. One of the most important chemicals produced. It is a colorless, oily liquid, a strong acid and an effective oxidizing agent. It is made in the contact process, and Britain alone produces about 4 million tons of it annually. The drawing shows the main uses of acid and the approximate quantities used in each case.

Sulfuric acid reacts chemically in many ways:

As an acid: Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with metals, bases, and carbonates to form sulfate:

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
(gas) (aqueous) (aqueous) (solid)

CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
(liquid) (aqueous) (aqueous) (solid)

ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
(gas) (liquid) (aqueous) (aqueous) (solid)


Excellent ammonium sulphate phosphate fertilizer 30%
Paints 17%
Natural and synthetic fibers 12%
Detergents 11%
Other chemicals such as medicines and explosives 11%
Miscellaneous uses 10%
Plastic materials 3%
Mining uses 3%
Pigments 2%
Oil refill 1%

Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with chlorides and nitrogens to form hydrogen chloride and acid
Nitrogen, respectively:

H2SO4 + NaCl →CuSO4 + HCI
(gas) (solid) (solid) (liquid)

H2SO4 + NaNO3 → NaHSO4 + HNO2
(gas) (solid) (solid) (liquid)

As a dewatering agent: concentrated acid is hygroscopic. Concentrated sulfuric acid is sometimes used to dry gases. It can also be used to remove water from materials. Water can be removed from hydrated copper (II) sulphate:

CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
(liquid) (solid) (solid)

White powder
CO + H₂O
Carbon Monoxide

Blue crystals
Methane acid

If concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sucrose, the sugar becomes black, because water is removed from the carbohydrates, leaving behind carbon:

C6H12O6 (solid) → 6C(solid) + 6H2O (gas)

Likewise, ethanol turns into ethene when heated with an excess amount of sulfuric acid:

C2H5OH (liquid) → C2H4 (gas) + H2O (liquid)

These reactions are called dehydration reactions
Because the water molecule was removed from the reacting molecule. The reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and water is a very effective exothermic reaction. The acid should always be added to the water, not the water to the acid.

As an oxidizing agent: Although copper does not replace hydrogen in acid, this metal is oxidized by concentrated sulfuric acid:

Cu + + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
(liquid) (gas) (solid) (liquid) (solid)

sulfate
Copper(II)
Anhydrous


sulfurous acid (H2SO3)
acide m sulfureux

Sulfuric acid. This acid is only found in...
An aqueous solution, formed by passing sulphur dioxide in water. It is a weak acid and a reducing agent. When the acid is heated, it produces sulfur dioxide and water, but leaves no residue. Acid salts are called sulphites.


supersaturated solution
Solution for sursaturée

Supersaturated solution A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than a saturated solution. This solution usually results from cooling the saturated solution. If this solution is disturbed as a result of a mechanical shock, dust falling into it, or the addition of a crystallized solute, the excess solute usually crystallizes.


suspension
suspension f

Pending. When a solid is added to a liquid without this substance dissolving or settling to the bottom of the container, the mixture is said to be a suspension because the solid remains suspended in the liquid.

Solid particles suspended in a liquid


symbol
symbol m

Code. Symbols are often used in chemistry to represent...
Names of materials, such as:


For iron Fe
For sulphur S
For oxygen O

Symbols are also used to represent units.


synthesis
synth f

Installation. This term means producing something from smaller or simpler parts, such as the synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen.


synthesis gas
There is a synth

Composition gas. A mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced by reforming natural gas steam.
It is used in the composition of other compounds.


synthetic
synthetique

Synthetic, such as synthetic fibers, such as nylon and others.