أكاديميا - كولنز - معاجم الجيب العلمية - الكيمياء - انكليزي - فرنسي - عربي الحرف ٧_ c

Academia - Collins - Pocket Scientific Dictionaries - Chemistry - English - French - Arabic Letter 7_ C


contact process
Procédé m de contact

Solicitation process. This process is used to make almost all of the sulfuric acid produced today. The list on the next page shows the course of steps:

Most sulfuric acid today is made from sulfur. The reactions marked with a star are exothermic reactions, and thus the process is low-cost because it requires a small supply of thermal energy.


S + O2 → SO Sulfur
or
Sulfide metals (such as ZnS)

Interaction with air
2ZnS +302 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

Sulfur dioxide SO2 > Sulfur trioxide SO3

Reacted with air over a medium, which is canadium oxide, at a temperature of 450°C to produce:
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3*

Sulfur trioxide SO3

Sulfur trioxide gas is absorbed into concentrated sulfur acid (98), which is then diluted with water to maintain the concentration at 98%.

Sulfuric acid H2SO4 (98%)
H2O + SO3 → H₂SO₄


coordinate bond
liaison f semi-polaire

Semipolar bond. A covalent bond in which the bond's electrons both come from the same atom. The two electrons are gifted by one atom instead of one being from one atom and the other being from another atom. This bond is also known as the dative bond. Examples include:

H-N:H+ → NH4+



Cu2+ → [Cu(H2O)6]2+

The donor atom uses a lone pair of electrons in a polar bond. See complexion.

copper
cuivre m

Copper is a transition metal that plays an important role in our lives. It is a vital trace element in our bodies, and we need between one and two milligrams of it daily.
Copper is a non-reactive metal that comes late in the electrochemical series, and does not release hydrogen from dilute acids.

Copper can be purified by using an impure metal as an anode, copper (II) sulphate as an electrolyte, and a small copper cathode in an electrolysis cell.

Copper metal is used in sanitary works (plumbing) and electrical wires. Copper is an excellent conductor). It is extracted commercially from metals

Copper sulphide:

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)
Bornite (Cu5FeS4)

And its carbonate metals:

Malachite (Dheng) (СuСО3.Cu(ОН)2)

Azurite (2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2)

Copper is also present as a free element, which indicates little reactivity.


copper compounds
Composés mpl cuivre
Copper compounds.

Copper chloride CuCl2.2H2O(II)

Copper chloride (11) is used to give fireworks a green color and to remove sulfur from petroleum.

Copper hydroxide (11) Cu(OH)2

Copper (II) hydroxide is used in the manufacture of artificial silk (rayon), in dyeing fabrics and as a blue dye.

Copper (II) carbonate CuCO3

Copper(II) carbonate is part of the metallic
Malachite and azurite, both carbonates
Basic copper. Another basic carbonate - ferdigris or copper acetate - forms as a surface layer on copper exposed to the atmosphere.

Copper (I) sulphate CuSO4. 5H2O

Copper sulphate forms blue crystals and can be made by treating copper compounds oxide, carbonate, hydroxide with dilute sulfuric acid. Anhydrous salt is a white powder that turns blue when water is added:

CUSO4 + 5H2O ← CUSO4. 5H2O
blue . white

This reaction is often used to test the presence of water. This compound is used in wood preservatives and fungicides, such as Bordeaux mixture.