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Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
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saliva
salive f

Saliva. A fluid secreted by the salivary glands in the mouths of many animals to moisten and lubricate food. In some mammals, including humans, saliva contains enzymes called salivary amylase (ptyalin), which digest starch and convert it to maltose.

Maltose
Salivary amylase
starch
G = glucose


saprophyte
saprophyte m

Throw. Organic, feeding on dead plants and animals
And the decaying causes its decomposition. Many fungi and bacteria are saprophytic and play an important role in nutrient recycling. See carbon cycle and nitrogen.


scapula
omoplate f. scapula f

Shoulder blade. Shoulder bone. The dorsal part of the shoulder girdle of a tetrapod. In humans, it is called the shoulder blade.
See endoskeleton.


scientific method
scientific method

Scientific method. Procedures by which scientific reconnaissance must be conducted. The scientific method includes the following steps:
(a) Observation: an event that is seen to occur on more than one occasion. For example: the starch in the seeds of plants apparently provides them with energy during germination.

(b) Problem: raises a question about
Monitoring. For example: How does starch become a chain?
Is long carbohydrate suitable as a respiratory substrate?

(c) Hypothesis: suggesting a possible solution. For example: the amylase enzyme inside the seed converts starch into glucose.

(d) Experiment: testing the hypothesis, for example:
The seed extract is added to the starch and the test is performed for glucose.

(e) Theory: Proposing a solution to the problem based on experimental evidence. For example: In a seed plant, the amylase enzyme converts starch into glucose, which acts as a respiratory substance during germination.

All scientific surveys follow the guidelines of the scientific method and must include control experiments that are exactly identical to the test experiment in “all but one respect.” The audit provides a standard against which the testing experience can be compared by showing that any change that occurs in the testing experience is due to a factor missing from the audit and would not have occurred in any case. For example, in a starch seed experiment a tube containing only starch could constitute an appropriate check.

sclerotic
Sclerotic f

Solid. An outer layer that protects the eyeball of a vertebrate animal. See eye.

secondary growth (or secondary thick-ening)

croissant f secondaire

Secondary growth (or secondary thickening). An increase in body circumference occurs annually in flowering woody plants as a result of the activity of the meristem called cambium.

Secondary growth on a woody stem
It constitutes cell division
The heart has a cardiac ring
It separates the phloem from the phloem
Heart ring
Kesem
skin
heart
Bark

It is located between the xylem and the phloem.

Further cardiac activity produces new xylem and phloem cells while the epidermis becomes bark. Every year, a new chyme ring is added, which increases the circumference of the plant stem and pushes the bark and heart ring outward, while the presence of the central heart composed of pith cells is crushed.

The annual addition of xylem is called the annual ring. See drawing:

4 year old leg
One year old leg


secondary sexual characteristics

Caractéristiques fpl sexuelles secondaires

Secondary sexual characteristics: Appearances that distinguish between male and female adult animals (with the exception of the gonads and their accompanying structures. The development of these features - such as the lion’s mane, deer’s horns, protruding breasts in women, and facial hair in men - is usually subject to the control of sex hormones. Compare with primary sexual characteristics.


seed. seed
grain f

Seed The structure that develops from the ovule after fertilization in flowering plants, and grows into a new plant. The seeds are encapsulated within the fruit.

Cut bean seed

The embryo differentiates inside the seed into a shoot (plumule), a root (radicle), and one or two seed leaves (cotyledons).
See germination and fruit and seed dispersal.