أكاديميا - كولنز معاجم الجيب العلمية - البيولوجيا انكليزي - فرنسي - عربي الحرف ٢_ r

Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
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regeneration
regeneration f

Renewed. The return of tissue or organs in an organ to growth after damage or removal. In some lower animals, complete new individuals can develop from parts of damaged adult organisms. For example: A starfish can generate a new arm if a previous one is removed, and the amputated part may grow into a new body.

Regeneration is common among plants, and farmers use this fact to grow plants by cuttings.

In higher animals, this degree of regeneration is impossible due to the complexity of the cells and tissues of these animals. Hence, wound healing is the only possible form of regeneration.


renal
renal

renal. A description of the parts of the body related to the kidney and urine production.


reproduction
reproduction f

Reproduction. The process leading to the production of a new organism from a parent organism or from a pair of organisms. See asexual sexual reproduction and reproduction.


respiration
respiration f

Breathing. Reactions in which organisms release chemical energy from food, such as glucose. Energy is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP), so it becomes available for other metabolic processes, such as muscle function.

(a) Aerobic respiration: It occurs in the presence of oxygen inside the mitochondria of cells.

Glucose + oxygen. carbon dioxide + water

6H2O + 6CO2 ADP ATP 602 +C6H12O6

(b) Anaerobic respiration:
It occurs in the absence of oxygen within the cytoplasm of cells and provides less adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production than does aerobic respiration.

Glucose
yeast
Ethanol + carbon dioxide


response
response f

Response . Any change that occurs in the organism as a reaction to a stimulus. sensitivity see . stimulus


retina
rétine f

Retina. Light-sensitive tissue lines the inside of a vertebrate animal's eye, and is composed of two types of cells (rods and cones). See eye.


rhizome
rhizome m

Rhizome: A vegetative reproduction organ in flowering plants consisting of a stem extending horizontally below the soil surface and growing from a mother plant. The head of the rhizome is a bud from which a new plant grows. Plants with rhizomes include the iris plant and many types of herbs.

Rhizome herb
Final bud
Lateral bud
Root

RNA (ribose nucleic acid)
ARN (ribonucleic acid)

RNA (nucleic acid) is synthesized by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the nucleus of the cell, and is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized.
RNA differs from DNA in the following respects: RNA is a single, multiple nuclide chain.
The sugar group is ribose.
Uracil replaces thymine.