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Academia - Collins Scientific Pocket Dictionaries - Biology
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ear. ear
oreille f

permission . The organ of hearing and balance in vertebrates, and hearing is a sensation that results from vibrations or sound waves that the ear converts into nerve pulses and sends to the brain.brain.

The outer ear: the pinna, a funnel- or trumpet-shaped structure that directs sound waves into the ear and along the auditory canal, at the end of which there is a very thin membrane, the eardrum (or tympanum), that is shaken by sound waves.

The middle ear is a cavity filled with air and connected at the back to the mouth (pharyx) by the Eustachian tube. This arrangement allows air to enter the middle ear, which ensures equal air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.

Inside the middle ear there are three tiny bones, their shapes are the ossicles, called the malleus, the incus, and the stirrups.

The drum's vibrations are transmitted through the middle ear, where they are amplified by the ossicles, and the stapes eventually vibrate on the oval window membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear.

The inner ear: The ear consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals, which are filled with fluid.

The vibration of the stapes on the oval window releases waves in the cochlear fluid. These waves stimulate receptor cells (hair cells), causing nerve impulses that are sent through the auditory nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as sounds.

Balance: The semicircular canals maintain balance with the help of information received from the eye and muscles. The semicircular canals contain fluid and receptor cells that are stimulated by fluid movements during a change in position. The nerve impulses initiated by these cells are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve, triggering responses that cause the body to maintain a normal position.

(allows fluid movement in the cochlea)
Vibrating bones, unfolded cochlea, nerve impulse, sensory hair cells, vibrating bones, sound waves


ecdysis
ecdysis f. exuviation f

Moulting. See exoskeleton.


ecosystem
Ecosystem m

Ecosystem. A community of organisms that interact with each other and with their non-living environment, meaning that the ecosystem constitutes a natural unit consisting of living parts (plants and animals) and non-living parts (light, water, air, etc.).

Habitat + community ← ecosystem. Ecosystems can be lakes, oceans, forests, etc. The driving force behind all ecosystems is the flow of energy generated by the sun.


effector
effecteur m

Mustafa'il. Tissue or animal organ
A specialist who generates a response to an environmental stimulus - en .vironmental stimulus. Such as: muscles and endocrine glands. See sensitivity.


element
element m

A pure chemical element that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. All atoms of the element have the same number of protons or electrons. There are 92 elements in nature.


embryo
embryon m

Chew. Embryo .
1 - A small animal arising from a zygote as a result of repeated cell division. The embryo originates in mammals inside the female's uterus, and in the later stages of pregnancy it is called a foetus. See pregnancy.

2 - A small flowering plant emerging from a fertilized ovule, which is present in seed plants before germination. See seed.


embryo sac
Sac m embryonnaire

An embryonic sac is a structure inside the eggs of flowering plants in which the female gametes are located. See carpel.