سفينة الفضاء .. وصاروخها ( ساترن ) رقم ٥ .. في سبيل موسوعة علمية .. الدكتور أحمد ذكي

spaceship ..

And its missile ((Saturn)) No. 5

The spaceship and its rocket, parts, fitted together. They all extended towards the sky, reaching more than 100 meters in height, and were so heavy that they reached more than 2,900,000 kilograms in weight.

As for the lower parts, they are the parts related to launching the ship, three of which are for propulsion, each of which has a single missile, and the three missiles consist of the missile known as Saturn No. 5, which carries the ship into space to its target in three stages: a first, a second, and a third stage. These three missiles are called by the name of their stages. The first stage missile is the largest. Then the second stage rocket, then the third stage rocket, which is the smallest. At the head of this great missile, or rather at the head of the third stage missile, there is a machinery unit to guide the ship in the correct direction. Although it is small, it is full of electrical and electronic devices.
It measures the ship's speed and height, and calculates how much correction the ship needs to stay on the correct course. It issues commands to the engines, increasing or decreasing their combustion to reach the speed required for existing targets. It is no wonder then that they call it (the mastermind brain of the ship).

(The rocket is 281 feet high, and the spaceship is 82 feet above it)
(Spaceship, enlarged, 4 parts)

These three missiles and the guidance unit almost form a group on their own. Its height is about 281 feet (about 86 meters).

- spaceship :

Above this group is the spaceship itself, the Space Ship, which is only about 82 feet (about 25 meters) high. It consists, in ascending order, of:
(1) The lunar module has its cover closed (drawing on page 494), and it is the one that will carry, upon its separation from the mother module, two of the three men to the surface of the moon.

(2) Then the service unit or its room, which is a unit to propel the ship into space when its turn comes, and at the same time it is an accessory that supplies the spaceship with the necessities it needs of electrical power, an artificial atmosphere for breathing, and rockets for movement.

(3) Then the command vehicle or the mother vehicle, which is the one in which the three men sit, in which they live and in which they work, until two men leave it for the lunar module to descend to the moon. It is noted that the service module remains attached to the mother vehicle, a vehicle as if they were the command module, until the return to the moon. The earth is one

(4, 5) The last part remains, and it is the highest of all the parts (5) in the drawing. It is used to save the astronauts in the event of danger that may befall the ship during its launch. It consists of a tower with a pencil-like missile at its head. If it is launched, it carries the command vehicle with its three men to A rise in the air allows them to descend with their parachutes to the surface of the earth. And from below
This missile is a cover that protects the command vehicle as it ascends into space (4) in the drawing.

These units contain thousands of mechanical, electrical, electronic, and other parts. The safety of spaceships depends, and their good performance, on how well each one does its job. That is why hundreds of experts examine these machines, then re-examine them, then re-examine them again, until there is no dangerous hole left that leaks onto the ship.

- First stage rocket:

It is the most powerful of the three missiles, and has more engines
Five, and its fuel is liquid oxygen and kerosene. It catches fire and consumes its fuel. It devours 13,600 kilograms in one second, aided in this by pumps that pump fuel into 30 combustion spaces, which it pumps with the force of 30 diesel locomotives. For this reason, in the first ten seconds, the spaceship rose a distance approximately its length. But in these ten seconds, the missile consumes... Its fuel is 13,600 x 10 = 136,000 kilograms, so the ship is lighter by this amount, making it easier to push it upward.

It does not take two and a half minutes until you reach... The ship reached an altitude of about 64 kilometers, and a speed of about 8,850 kilometers per hour. And so the missile is. The first has fulfilled its mission. It then separates from the ship and falls through the air into the Atlantic Ocean. The first stage of operation of this missile has been completed

The first stage missile is the most powerful of the three missiles:

This is because he carried the spaceship, which is the heaviest, against the gravity of the Earth, which is at its fullest, and against the friction of the air of the Earth’s atmosphere, which is the densest.

With the disappearance of this first missile, and the fuel it carried in its bowels, and with the change in the ship’s position in space, its load into space was greatly reduced, and so there was no longer a great need for such a powerful and powerful missile.
Its thrust force is 3000 tons.
The second stage missile has a thrust of only about 520 tons.

- Second stage missile:

Its momentum, as we just mentioned, is 520,000 kilograms.
It has five engines and its fuel is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.

(Changing the positions of the parts of the ship among themselves and getting rid of the third stage rocket, there are four operations, the first of which is in this picture, and the ship’s commander begins it by igniting an explosive charge that blows off the lunar module’s four covers and throws it into space and at the same time separates the service module (which It is now part of the command vehicle and will remain so until (and between the lunar module)

(The commander of the command vehicle drives his vehicle until its nose connects with the nozzle of the lunar module, and then the two vehicles dock)

(The ship's commander ignites the side rocket engines from the sixteen engines located in the wall of the service module, so that the service module and the command module rotate with it, front to back, half a revolution, and thus the nose of the command module turns to the nozzle of the lunar module to attach to it.)

(In all operations, the lunar module remained connected to the third-stage rocket and the guidance unit to give it some kind of connection. In this picture, the rocket separates, along with the guidance unit, to rotate in space wherever it wants. In this situation, the service unit is the first in the space, followed by the command vehicle, which is on the The shape of a cone, with its base being the first one on the path, then the lunar module with its four legs at the back.)

He pushes the spaceship high into the air.
It tilts over the Atlantic Ocean and over Africa.

In the meantime, the guidance unit that we previously mentioned (the ship’s mastermind) is working. It automatically realizes if the ship deviates from its designated direction, and then affects the missile’s movement with electronic pulses, and the situation is improved.

When the ship reaches an altitude of 96,000 kilometers, the escape tower at the head of the command vehicle separates from the ship and falls to the ground.

The second stage rocket continues its work, and its engines continue to burn, even if the duration of their burning from the beginning exceeds a little more than 6 minutes. The speed of the vehicle reaches a speed close to the speed of its orbits in its orbit around the Earth, which is more than 24,000 kilometers per hour, and the vehicle is at an altitude of The land reached 183 km. Then the rocket of this second stage will have done its duty, and the vehicle will not return to it
A need. Then it separates from it and falls to the ground.

- Third stage rocket

It is the smallest of the three missiles.
It consists of one engine.
Its fuel is liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, and its thrust is about 93 tons.
His first job is to increase the speed of the ship so that it reaches the speed that allows it to orbit around the Earth.

It burns its fuel for two minutes and 45 seconds to raise the speed, and the steering unit, which we called from the pilot ship, works to direct the ship so that it is attached to something fixed in the sky, and remains attached to it so that it does not deviate. If it falls on it, this is evidence that it entered the Earth's orbit, and then this third missile stops burning.

But it does not separate. His duties towards the ship were not over
Yet, his fuel is not empty yet.

And you take the spaceship, and with it the guided module,
It is accompanied by the third missile, and it revolves around the Earth in an almost circular orbit, without a propellant to propel it or an engine to move it, at a speed of 28,000 kilometers per hour, and it is at an altitude of 185 kilometers from the surface of the Earth.

How much time passed between the spacecraft’s launch into the sky and its orbits around the Earth?
Only 12 minutes have passed.

(The process of returning to the mother’s vehicle)