معنى الحرارة كما يحضرنا اليوم ، وعند من سبقوا .. كتاب في سبيل موسوعة علمية

The meaning of heat as it attends us today... and according to those who came before

The meaning of heat as it brings us today

This is the meaning of heat that comes to us today, and this is its essence to which we have been guided, and which everyone has learned or is familiar with.
Knowledge and no one has any doubts about it.

This meaning, the meaning of heat, how much time has passed
Scientists achieve it?
For this, we must go back in time. I don't see the need to go back that far.

The meaning of heat according to those who preceded it:

If we call the seventeenth century the era of Galileo, we must call it the eighteenth century. Newton's era.

In these two eras, which are not far from us, modern science was at its first dawn. Scientists viewed this universe as a struggle between forces and bodies, and as a balance, so the phenomena we see in this world were considered calm and monotonous.

Scientists easily understood the meaning of bodies, that they are tangible, tangible things, if they were placed in the hand, or if it was possible to place them. If it is heavy, then it has a weight by which it will be weighed in the scales.

Scientists have realized (forces): movement and heat.
Light, electricity, magnets, and so on. They perceived them with feelings that could not be denied, but how quickly they realized that they were things that had no weight. But, since they are things, they must have forms.

And imagine:
The thing burns and something they call comes out of it
Phlogiston.
‏
Something that shines and carries its light to all directions is something called ether.

Electricity is a liquid that flows through wires (and to this day we call current, which is a word that remains from the old meaning: electricity is a liquid).

We, the people of the twentieth century, may wonder how our fathers, the people of those centuries, were unable to understand what we understand.
Now of these things.

Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry:

As for heat, they claimed that it is also a liquid, so you
You heat water, for example, or iron, giving it an increase of this thermal fluid. As you cool it, you rob it of some of this thermal fluid.

Who claimed this?

Its leader was Lavoisier, whose name no student who studied chemistry will ever forget. He is the one they called the father of modern chemistry, and they did so rightly.
Lavoisier called this liquid the calorie, and many scientists followed Lavoisier in this idea.

Count Rumford
Count Rumford, an American who attended the American War of Independence, opposed Lavoisier. He was a conservative and remained loyal to England. He traveled to Europe, and succeeded. In Bavaria, he was bestowed with the title of Count.

He was turning a cannon barrel, and he was astonished by the enormous heat that came out in this hole. He stopped the lathe, then he started it, and it gave him as much heat as he wanted. He conducted other experiments that convinced him that if heat were a liquid held by solid bodies, in limited amounts, it would be exhausted quickly. This heat that comes out of the lathe has no limit, and there is no end to it.

So... heat is a liquid, which they called calorie, an idea
It is baseless.