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Instinct is a hereditary habit, the theory of Lamarck and Spencer...instinct

Ghazya is usually hereditary

Lamarck and Spencer theory.
- Lamarck and Spencer's opinion on instinct is complementary to their opinion on the evolution of living organisms.

(Almarck) believes that species arise from each other through a gradual and permanent transformation, and the reason for this according to him is that the animal seeks to adapt to the environment. If the conditions of life change, he exerts his effort to adapt to the new conditions, and this effort replaces his grandfather, and these changes are transmitted from one generation to another. It is as if these changes are physical habits acquired by individuals, except that they are transmitted from one generation to another by heredity, and what was a habit in one generation becomes an instinct by heredity when transmitted to the next generation. Thus, the instinct is a second habit.

(Spencer) believes that life is a permanent adaptation, which means that the living organism creates within itself, during its movement, habits that make it easier for it to adapt to the external environment in an automatic manner. If this harmony is incomplete, the animal’s movement will be accompanied by feeling, and if it is complete, its movements will be subconscious. As for his instinct. It is a common heritage among individuals of the species, or it is the sum of customs that individuals have acquired and inherited from predecessors, because they are among the necessities and necessary demands of life.

Principles of this theory.
- This theory makes the mind the ruler in the formation of instinct. Yes, there are passive, receptive habits in which there is no trace of reason or voluntary choice, such as the habit of residing in a region, or smelling a scent, but instincts are not generated only from passive habits, but rather from active habits as well. Yes, if an animal learns to live in a region New, or a thousand smells of smells, his life changed according to the new conditions, without these vital habits turning into instincts, but the habits that are turned into instincts are the active habits, that is, the movements that the animal realized the benefit of, desired them, wanted them, and then repeated them until they became completely automatic. .

It follows from all of this that Lamarck's theory is based on two postulates:

1 - Returning instinct to conscious voluntary actions.

2- Inheriting acquired habits.

This theory can be summarized by saying:
Instinct is a broken or degraded mind.

Darwin's objection.
Darwin objected to this theory by saying:
The worker bees, which have the most amazing instincts, are barren insects, are born from a queen who does not have the instinct to make honey. So how do the workers inherit this instinct from their ancestors? No, how do you pass it on to your grandchildren? As we have shown, they are barren insects.

The answer.
If the honey-making instinct appeared later than the bees split into fertile and sterile, Darwin’s objection would be very strong, and the habits acquired by rational insects would have no effect in changing the characteristics of the species. However, we can imagine that every bee was originally reproductive, and that all individual bees were capable of pollination, and of making wax and honey, and that the establishment of habit in the species preceded the division of labor between individuals, and the specialization of each individual for a specific task, so the instinct to make honey would be In this case, it is common to all individuals, except that it may appear in some people and disappear in others, and this is not surprising because many life circumstances either prevent the animal from displaying its instincts, or prevent it from benefiting from them.

Second objection.
Scientists objected to Lamarck's theory by saying that strange instincts exist in every annual animal, that is, in insects that only live one year. And you have acquired these strange instincts, even though they are devoid of the powers of reason. If the surgical instinct of the squix was born from a hereditary habit, itself arising from rational actions, experiences, and organized expertise, then it would be necessary to say that the ancestors of this animal were characterized by superhuman intelligence. In addition, the integration of instincts requires experience, testing, and a long time. How do insects acquire these instincts when they only live for one year at most? .

Wild hypothesis.
Perrier realized the value of this objection, and said: There is no doubt that there are insects in nature, and they are annual animals, whose short present life is not sufficient to acquire complex instincts. However, these insects were in the first stage of the earth’s life and were characterized by movement and activity. They lived in a moderately hot climate and flew from one place to another, escaping the severity of the cold and the oppression of ferocious animals. Their bodies were large and their lives were long and calm, so there is no surprise. If in this golden age it is able to perform wondrous mental acts, let these mental acts be transmitted from one generation to another through imitation, and through repetition they turn into habits, and these habits generate stable automatic movements in the organs and nerves, thus becoming hereditary after being individual and personal.

There is no doubt that extreme cold kills most insects, but some insects that reached puberty in the summer laid their eggs before the end of autumn, and when death came to them with the coming of winter, this did not affect the life of the species, as the eggs remained preserved. Thus, the life of insects became a short seasonal life that did not exceed a few months, and each generation became separate from the other. No trace remained of personal experience, individual expertise, or upbringing. Rather, all of these traces disappeared due to the shortness of the individual’s life, and were transformed into inherited mechanical movements that were stable in the species. Since some insects lived together, such as bees and ants, they were able to overcome the winter by taking refuge in their nests. The extension of the lives of these species led to them acquiring knowledge through experience, experience, and observation, and to them inheriting after them some of what they had acquired, and from that, habits were born. A strange social sign that indicates the mind. The instincts of present-day bees are traces of their ancient mental powers.

- Response to Breh's theory.
Plants have instincts, so can we say that they are generated by the mind? Darwin showed that the movements of climbing plants (Plantes grimpantes) are similar to instincts, and that it is difficult for the material world to attribute these movements to states of the tropism. He said: Some plants move their limbs, just as an animal moves its legs, and they are affected by gravity, then It rises, then is affected by the light, and bends in front of it, or moves away from it, and if it touches an object, it surrounds it, grips it forcefully, then wraps around it in the form of a spiral, and its leg points upward as if it were a soft spiral. These movements, as we said, are similar to animal instincts, nay, they are instincts. Real, so do we say that they are hereditary habits that are originally accompanied by will and reason?

Cobb's answer.
Cope (1), one of Lamarck's students, did not hesitate to accept this opinion, and his doctrine is called the spiritual doctrine because he says that the mind exists in everything, that is, in inanimate objects, plants, and animals. Here he said: The plant is a dysfunctional animal, and that all living creatures were originally capable of movement and were characterized by feeling, but the plant lost these qualities when it sought refuge in the earth, settled in it, and attained the means for complete adaptation.

There are still plants characterized by movement, such as lichens and others, which are a remaining trace of the past, a witness to the characteristics of ancient plants. However, today plants, after locking themselves in wooden cages, have become devoid of feeling, after they were in the past an animal characterized by movement. , freedom, and reason.

The final response to this theory.
We do not now want to refute the opinion of Brahe and Cope about the long lives of ancient insects, or their being characterized by reason, nor their opinion about the superiority of the plant world over the animal world in existence, but we want to say one thing about that, which is: This opinion convinces us. In many ways. Among them is Sabatier’s statement: If instinct were generated from the mind, then the most rational animals would have to have the most instincts, but reality belies that, because the instincts of vertebrate animals are less than the instincts of arthropod animals, and the human instincts are less than the instincts of mammalian animals. Therefore, instinct was not generated from The mind, and the least rational animals have the most instincts.