الحركات الأولية .. الحياة الفاعلة .. كتاب علم النَّفس جميل صَليبا

Primary movements...active life

1 - Primary movements

The movements of organic bodies are nothing but a phenomenon of living cells: the ability to be diversified.

Cell alert.
Claude Bernard defined alertness by saying: (It is the characteristic of every part of the living body with a particular effectiveness, and especially a reaction to the influence of external factors).

The nature of this alert.
- Can we clarify the ability to detect physical and chemical factors? Most contemporary scholars of organ benefits hold this view. Yes, the complexity of the structure of the protoplasm and the interaction of its elements must be taken into account here, but if we observe that stability, it becomes clear to us that the conditions of the ability to be alerted are due to the characteristic of transformation, or lack thereof! inherent in living albumins. These substances accumulate within them reserves of energy that make them similar to substances. Explosives. The external influence, whatever its type, whether mechanical, electrical, or light, liberates these munitions and frees them from their captivity. The release of these munitions is called alertability.

His laws.
- Studying the laws of alertness is interesting, because it applies to all living organisms, especially to human actions. Among these laws are:

1 - Threshold law (Loi de senil)
We saw previously that the occurrence of sensation has a threshold. Emotional, which means that we do not feel the stimulus unless it reaches a certain degree of intensity. We now say: A weak stimulus does not cause movement or reaction unless it reaches a smaller size. A limit of force we call the influence threshold.

2 - The law of matching between changes in the effect and changes in the reaction. If he responds. The reaction does not increase in proportion to the increase in the intensity of the stimulus, but rather increases more slowly. This law can be illustrated with the following graphic line: (It is curved in the shape of an S).

This graph represents the increase in plant height due to heat, Figure (59):

The dividing line indicates an increase in temperature, while the order line indicates an increase in the length of the plant.

Weber's law, which we mentioned in the chapter on sensation, is only a special case of this law.

3- The law of disparity between effect and reaction. - The intensity of the reaction is not equal to the intensity of the stimulus. The proof of this is that if you transfer it to a muscle, via a motor nerve, and measure an amount of electrical energy, and then measure the amount of work generated from the contraction of that muscle, you will find that this work is sometimes a hundred million times greater than the energy transferred to the muscle. It is easy to explain this difference between the effect and the reaction in the manner described previously, because every organic body is a reservoir of energy (and this energy is stored in the muscles, not in the nerves). The role of the influencer is to stimulate these savings and release the potential in them. The law of variation is a general law that applies to simple movements, as well as to complex actions, such as instinctive and voluntary actions.

Figure (59)
Matching effect changes with reaction changes

4- The law of reaction quality and specialization. - The reaction does not differ depending on the type of stimulus, but rather varies according to the nature of the cell. The same stimulus causes contraction in muscle cells, and secretion in gland cells. The stimulus may differ, but the reaction does not differ. The stimulus may be chemical, electrical, or mechanical. However, it only occurs in amoeba (contraction), and in sea snails (Noctiluge). (1) Except for light. The individual action is therefore dependent on the nature of the cell, not the nature of the effect. We have explained our opinion regarding this law when we spoke about sensation.