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Judgment: description and analysis

1 - Description and analysis

Definition of judgment. They defined judgment by saying: It is the attribution of one matter to another, whether positive or negative, and the realization of the occurrence of a relationship between two matters, or not of its occurrence. This definition applies in particular to logical judgment. As for judgment from the psychological point of view, Lalande defined it by saying: It is a mental decision by which the mind confirms the content of the belief and turns it into reality. So we can study the ruling from the logical point of view first, and from the psychological point of view second.

Judgment from a logical standpoint. - The logician investigates the ruling as it should be, not as it actually is, and shows us what are the conditions for a correct ruling that conforms to the truth, what its equation is, and how it can be changed. He therefore means the complete rulings, not the incomplete rulings. He looks at the explicit rulings, not the implicit rulings. He analyzes the case and finds in it two terms, one of which is the subject, and the other is the predicate, and the connection between these two terms. Either it is apparent, as in the French language, or it is estimated, as in the French language. Arabic . For example: You say in French, “Ia neige est blanche,” and you say in Arabic: “Snow is white.” Snow is a subject, white is a predicate, and the bond (ent) is determined between them. The conjunction may be in the middle of the speech, as in the French language, or at the end, as in the Turkish or Persian language.

Judgment from a psychological point of view. - As for the psychological one, he looks at the ruling as it is in reality, not as it is
It must be, because for him the judgment is an act of the mind, which grows like all other actions from childhood to adulthood, and is subject to many factors. The judgment may be explicit, that is, prior to the issue that determines the elements it contains, or it may not be explicit, so you cannot Expressing it with a verbal proposition, such as the ruling contained in your saying: “It’s easy,” or “the place is the place,” or “hey,” or “the departure is the departure,” or the professor’s judgment about the student with a good pronouncement, or the buyer’s judgment about the price of a commodity with the exorbitant expression. The ruling in these examples is not attributing one matter to another, whether positive or negative, but rather it is a mental decision by which the mind proves the content of the belief, or it is as we said first: realizing the occurrence or non-occurrence of a relationship between two matters.

Classification of rulings from a logical point of view.
- Most philosophers classify judgments from a logical point of view, not from a psychological point of view.

1 - Old logical classification. - The classification of judgments according to the logician is like the classification of propositions. They are divided in terms of quantity into words and partial ones, and in terms of quality into positive and negative. This results in four types: 1 - Positive universal judgments (k.m.), as in your saying: “Every human being is mortal.” 2 - Universal judgments. Negative) K. Q (As in your saying, not one of the people is perfect. 3 - Positive partial rulings (C. M)) As in your saying, “Some people are doctors.”
4 - Partial negative judgments (C.S.), as in your statement: Some people are not doctors.

2 - Kant’s classification - Kant’s classification of judgments is like the classification of the categories of reason. It is based on four principles: quantity, quality, addition, and direction.

Rulings are divided in terms of quantity into three sections:

1 - Universality (universals), which are the rulings in which the attribution is based on what is true of the entire subject, such as your saying: Every human being is mortal, and none of the lies are permissible.

2 - Particulars (Particuliers), which are rulings in which the attribution falls on part of (what is true of the subject, such as your saying: Some people are doctors, and some Syrians are not educated.

3 - Specific or singular rulings (Singliers), which are rulings in which the subject is a single person and one in number, such as your saying: Socrates is wise, and there is no difference between these rulings and general rulings, in terms of the attribution falling on what is true of the entire subject.

The provisions are divided in terms of quality into three sections:
1 - Affirmatifs, as we say: The wise man is happy.
2 - Negatifs, as we say: (Metals do not breathe.
3 - And the indeterminate (Indéfinis), as we say (the soul is not mortal), meaning that the soul may be everything, but it is not mortal.

The provisions are divided in terms of addition (Relation) into three sections:
1 - Absolute predicates (Categoriques), which are those in which the attribution is not subject to any condition or imposition.
2 - The continuous conditional (Hypothetiques), such as when you say: If the weather is moderate, I go out.
3 - Disionctifs, as you say: Either he comes, or he does not come.

The rulings are divided according to the region (Modalité) into three sections:
1 - Existential or predicative (Assertoriques), which expresses the existence of proof or denial without regard to necessity or possibility, such as our saying: This winter is cold.
2 - Necessary (Apodictiques), which includes a logical necessity, as we say: The two quantities equal to a third quantity are equal.

3 - The possible, or problematic, is that which does not indicate obligation or abstention, but rather indicates pure possibility, and the meaning of possibility is that the ruling is not impossible in itself.

Synthetic judgments and analytical judgments. According to Kant, judgments are divided in another way into analytical and synthetic. Analytical is the one in which the predicate is included in the concept of the subject, such as your saying: Bodies are extended, (The meaning of extension is included in the meaning of the body). It indicates that the predicate was obtained for us from an analysis of the attributes of the subject, and the synthetic one in which the predicate includes something new in the meaning of the subject, such as your saying. This wall is white (the meaning of white is not included in the meaning of the wall). . Synthetic judgments are based on experience, but Kant tried to prove that some of these judgments are rational and prior to experience, and we will return to explaining this in the science of metaphysics.

Classification of judgments from a psychological point of view. We said that the psychologist investigates judgment insofar as it is a psychological act, not insofar as it is a logical issue. For him, judgments are divided into the following types:

1 - Explicit rulings and implicit rulings. According to the logician, the ruling is a double-edged and connected issue. However, according to the psychologist, the ruling may be explicit, as in our saying: The virtuous is happy, or it may be implicit, as in our saying: It is easy, or in our saying: Good, and extravagant. Or be silent (jugement silencieux). As for explicit judgments, they are based on subjective psychological observations, as in my saying: I am a comforter, and they may consist of abstract meanings, such as your saying: Courage is a virtue. As for silent judgments, they are psychological actions that we do not express verbally or in words. Example: I encounter a hole in the road, so I think about crossing it, then I jump over it without speaking. This action is accompanied by a silent judgment, but it is not a reflex action, because when I saw the hole, I estimated its depth, width, and length, and compared its various dimensions, so I judged that I was able to cross it. Another example: In the game of billiards, I calculate the momentum and determine the direction of movement without speaking. These actions include silent judgments, because they require that the action be identical to the thing perceived.

B - Judgments independent of experience and judgments based on it. The first rulings are analytical, and the second are synthetic. For example: I judge that the diameter is twice the radius without basing this judgment on experience. Rather, I deduce that from the definition of the diameter itself, but I cannot judge that this student is diligent unless I watch his work.

C - Judgments of existence and judgments of values. Judgments of existence express the ratio between two matters, as they are in reality, without estimation or preference. If you say: The price (a kilo) of bread in Damascus during World War II was forty piasters, then your judgment of it is a judgment of existence. However, if you say: The price of bread was During the First General War, it was very expensive, and your judgment was one of value, because you estimated the price of something in proportion to an ideal value. (See pp. 35-36).

Some rulings are beyond imagination. It may come to mind that perception of meanings always precedes judgments. However, we have shown in the discussion of abstraction and generalization: that perception has a concept and comprehensiveness (comprehensiveness is what is true) and that each of these two matters requires a set of rulings. According to the psychologist, judgment is simpler than perception, while according to the logician, it is more complex than it.

The difference between judgment and feeling. A person may feel something but not. He issues a sentence against him. But this feeling is vague and ambiguous. Roysen (1) said: Look at two passengers on a train. They are silent, each of them following with his eyes the moving scene that is taking place in front of him without interruption. But if the first is not aware of the beauty of the road, because it is in contemplation, he sees without realizing it, then the shapes of things are imprinted. In himself, in one pattern, as if they were dreams that did not belong to him. If the second person is an artist, a scientist, or a lover of tourism, he observes, observes, and distinguishes many characteristics in this scene, such as being impressed by the consistency of lines and colors, or paying attention to the types of rocks, or making a plan for a new trip, and if he is inclined to show his own emotions, And thoughts, he expresses his feelings with gestures, exclamation sounds, and phrases. He may also tend to write down his memories, so he writes some thoughts in his notebook. The first feels a vague and ambiguous feeling, and the second judges and depicts. Judgment, therefore, is the first of the intellectual states that follows sensation, and it is inherent in clear feeling, meaning that it exists in perception, just as it exists in abstraction and generalization.

. Two issues. The psychologist studies two issues in judgment: the first is the truth of the judgment, and the second is the issue of belief. The first issue shows us what elements the ruling consists of, and the second shows us how we come to believe that the occurrence of a relationship between two matters, or its non-occurrence, is correct. Let us first examine the truth of the ruling.