طوامير « البردي » والكراريس والرقوق والصحف والـدرج والكاغـد .. كتاب مصوّر الخط العربي

Papyrus stacks, notebooks, parchments, newspapers, scrolls, and notebooks... an illustrated book of Arabic calligraphy... Naji Zein Al-Din

(*) Papyrus sheets (or the feathers from which Pharaonic letters are made), notebooks, parchments, newspapers, scrolls, and scrapbooks.

Ibn Qutaybah mentioned it in his book (Al-Ma’arif). And Ibn al-Nadim in (Al-Fahrist), Al-Suyuti in his book (Hasan Al-Muhadharah), vol. 2, p. 230, and Al-Tha’alabi in his book Al-Latif, Al-Muhadhat Al-Awa’il, and Samarat Al-Akhira. T., Bulaq in 1883 AD.
“The first person to make the Quratis was the Prophet Joseph, peace be upon him. And in Al-Fahrist, Part 1, page 21, “The people of Egypt wrote on Egyptian paper, made from papyrus reeds.” •
Al-Biruni mentioned in his book (The History of India) “the papyrus reed...or the feathers from which the Qaratis are made.” •

Papyrus paper was known in the time of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. And in the Almighty’s saying (You make it into pieces of paper that you display) (Surat Al-An’am, verse 90). That is, piles (for the paper is made in Egypt from the pulp of papyrus separated from its flesh) and the Almighty’s saying: (And if We had sent down to you a writing on paper) • And the Almighty’s saying in Surat Isa.. (In honorable pages held up and purified..) And the Almighty’s saying: (Indeed, this is in the pages. The first are the scriptures of Abraham and Moses)

It was mentioned in (Al-Itqan fi Ulum Al-Qur’an) by Al-Suyuti (He said: Abu Bakr collected the Qur’an in Qur’an, and he asked Zaid bin Thabit about it, but he refused until he sought help from Omar, so he did.) • Ibn Abi Dawud Al-Sijistani cited in (The Book of the Qur’an, p. 9) a chain of transmission in the chapter on collecting. The Qur’an said: Ibn Wahb told us, on the authority of Ibn Shihab, on the authority of Salim and Kharijah, that Abu Bakr al-Siddiq compiled the Qur’an in Quratis and had asked Zayd..

Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Muizz mentioned in the book (The Story of Al-Bahnasa and the Wonders and Oddities in It), published in Cairo in the year 1290 - 1873, p. 18 - So Amr bin Al-Aas, may God be pleased with him, summoned him with an inkwell and paper and wrote a letter to the Commander of the Faithful, Omar bin Al-Khattab.. »
Ibn Abdos mentioned in the book (Al-Wazirs wal-Kitab), published in Leibzech in the year 1925, p. 43, and in Cairo in the year 1938, (Al-Walid was the first of the caliphs to write in columns) - and (The way to write “proves” in the two cycles was to write “proves” in pages, so Khalid was The first to put it in his notebooks. See: Al-Tha’alabi, A Book of Taif Al-Ma’rif, published in Leiden in 1868.

Al-Yaqubi mentioned in his history, “Leiden in the year 1883, p. 177:00,” and he ordered him to write for them certificates of paper and then seal the bottom of them. He was the first to draw up and seal the bottom of the certificate.
It was mentioned in Tarikh al-Hind, p. 81 (and accordingly, the books of the caliphs were published until close to our time) “The time of Al-Biruni, since nothing of it can be tampered with or changed, but rather it is corrupted by it. See: Futouh Al-Buldan by Al-Baladhuri, p. 465, Al-Khattab by Al-Maqrizi 1-29-a, and Al-Kamil in History by Ibn Al-Atheer. And the History of the Messengers and Kings, ed., Leiden 1881, and the Book of Songs by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani 12 - p. 33, and The Beginning and the End in History by Ibn Kathir 8 - p. 33, 144, Cairo edition in the year 1929, and everything we mentioned on page 367 of this book of ours is on the subject of papyrus and kaghad.

And what was said was poetry. (The mail came with despicable paper, and the paper made my heart ache with fear.)
The author of (Kitab Al-Waraq) 3rd edition, Cairo in 1936, mentioned what was written in the Caliphate of Al-Mutawakkil regarding the scrolls and the scrolls - (Then write down everything I hear from the words of the going and the coming, the sailors and the travelers until I fill the scroll from both sides, then cut it widthwise and paste it differently..). It often bothered them because they would write on both sides of the scroll or twice.

These are some of the phrases and sentences mentioned by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Mu’ti ibn Abi al-Fath ibn Ahmad al-Ishaqi, who died in the book (Lata’if al-Akhbar fi Who is Noble in Egypt from the Lords of States) from a manuscript in the Vienna Academy (45 AD) mentioned by Adolf Grohm in his book called (Researches in Islamic Calligraphy and History). Al-Hadari) Part 1 of the Austrian Scientific Academy in Vienna 1967, p. 74, which is:
(Excuse me, sir, for the paper, but it was not present. 00)
(Excuse me regarding the paper, for I am in distress because of the paper.)
(The first question, may God honor you, is to kindly accept the excuse on the paper..)
(Excuse me for the paper, as I did not have a clean paper at the time of writing to you.)

From what we read in (Journal of the Institute of Manuscripts), Volume 2, Part 1 - 1370 AH, written by Professor Hassan Hosni: He mentioned the interest of the people of Al-Fariqiya in learning during the first era of Islam and their willingness to record their narrations and record them on parchment books so that it would be of help to them - and to us after them - in reviewing their information, and among other things we read: It has been proven from Sahnout in this sense that he used to say: (Knowledge is a hunt, and writing is a chain).

The Africans had no means other than parchment to draw and record writings, as papyrus - that plant-based paper known as “Pharaonic calligraphy” - was not in Africa, but was a product of Egypt in particular, and is only found there, and it is difficult to bring, and even more difficult to keep. This papyrus was even placed in glass cylinders called “qazzas”, which hold twenty sheets of paper, the sizes of papers currently found in the museums of London and Berlin, as Adolf Grohmann mentioned in his book (Researches in Islamic Calligraphy and Civilized History, p. 89) that the length of the “qazzaz” is about 2915. Two centimeters. That is, approximately one foot long.

For these reasons, the people of Morocco were forced to limit themselves to using parchment, and among these sayings is what Al-Maqdisi Al-Bashari, who wrote about the African country in the year 370 AH, pointed out, when he said: “And all their Qur’ans and notebooks are written on parchment”: “Oh God, except for what used to grow from the papyrus on the island.” Sicily at that time 00, “Ahsan al-Taqasim by al-Maqdisi, ed., Leiden, 1877, p. 239.

Ibn Hawqal al-Baghdadi said in this regard on page 86: “And throughout the lands of Sicily, there are areas that have been dominated by Berbers, and this is the papyrus from which ships are made. I do not know that there is any such papyrus in Egypt comparable to the face of the earth except what is in Sicily, and most of it twists ropes for boats, and the least of it works for the Sultan.” There are queues of it, no more than enough.
This is a thesis that the scholar Adolf Grohmann mentioned in his book (Researches in Islamic Calligraphy..), p. 82. . . I found a letter written in Arabic and Greek, 1.4 cm wide, with the word “Commander of the Faithful” in it. Researchers believe that it dates back to the era or time of Abdullah Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan 41-60 AH.
Krohman mentioned on p. 87, quoting Al-Suyuti - Hasan Al-Muhaddath “2 p. 230 regarding the Tumar” • “It is thirty cubits long and 00 inches wide, which helps to make it a scroll drawer that can accommodate long writing.”
In the book (Anwar al-Tanzeel wa Asrar al-Ta’wil) by Al-Baydawi, it was mentioned in his interpretation of the verse: “All of the records are for the books”: folded like the tomar for the sake of writing or for what is written or written in it. What it means here is a newspaper, book, document, or any other paper that is rolled up, bound, or sealed.

Among the cities in which he worked was “Babirus,” as mentioned by the author of the “Geographic Dictionary,” Mahmoud Ramzi, Cairo edition, 1958.

In the book (The Virtues of Egypt) by Ibn Dhulaq - Banha, Busir, Samannoud, Dahgla, and its district, where the tumar paper is made, which is carried to the farthest parts of the countries of Islam. He mentioned in the book (Al-Buldan), published in 1861, the names of other countries, including a city called Wasma that makes the paper paper; Bura, which is a fortress on the sea coast, built by Damietta, is equipped with carpentry and carpentry. Refer to the chapter written about paper [Carta] in the Italian Encyclopedia, Part Nine. It is clear from what is mentioned in the main sources that the story of the tumar is ancient, and in the time of the Aghlabids the princes took advantage of Sicilian papyrus and were independent in making use of it, and restricted its use in government offices and state offices, and it seems that they did not allow it to be used as paper. This is what is common among the general public - apparently - due to the scarcity of those skilled in its craftsmanship in Sicily. The Fatimid caliphs followed their descendants in monopolizing the use of Sicilian papyrus. For this reason, it did not have a significant impact on the scientific appearance of Africa or other countries and was replaced by slavery, and it is no secret. That the people of Africa have reached a level of mastery in the manufacture of parchment, polishing it, perforating it, and sometimes dyeing it in different colors, and whoever looks at the vaults of parchment arches in the ancient library of the Uqba Mosque in Kairouan will see what astonishes the eyes in terms of the precision of the workmanship and the quality of preparation and mastery. Among what was stated in Ibn Khaldun’s introduction to the chapter on paper making, p. 426: The records were first for copying sciences and writings of royal treatises, deeds, and deeds on parchments prepared by craftsmanship from leather, due to the abundance of luxury and the scarcity of royal treatises and deeds. However, they were limited to writing on parchment in order to honor the writings and to ensure correctness and mastery. Then The sea of ​​writing and recording became full, and the Sultan’s sending and deeds increased, and slavery was exhausted, so Al-Fadl bin Yahya indicated the making of the pendant, made it, and wrote in it the Sultan’s letters and deeds, and the people after him used it as newspapers for their sultanic and scientific writings, and the mastery in its craftsmanship reached whatever they wished, etc.

(*) Papyrus is a plant that is abundant in the Iraqi marshes as well. Author
-[*] It should be noted that the inhabitants of Morocco and some Islamic countries have preserved until now the name of writing paper (Kagd), which is its original name in the language of the people of China.