التصنيف المدرسي

التصنيف المدرسي

2- School classification

We did not bring this historical overview except to show how the famous scholastic classification arose, I mean the classification that divides psychological phenomena into three categories corresponding to the basic functions performed by the soul, such as feeling, thinking, and will. Man feels emotional or sentimental states (Etats affectifs) such as pleasures, pains, and appropriate and inappropriate agitations, mental states (Etats intellectuels) such as perception and thinking, and active states (Etats actifs) such as determination and will. This agrees with the opinion of those who say: The human being is composed of a heart, a mind, and a will.

- The benefit of this classification: - I saw that psychological phenomena are many despite the unity of the soul, and it is not easy for the researcher to study them, unless they are divided into some types.

The benefit of this classification, then, is ease and facilitation

2 - The difficulty of this classification: - But classifying these phenomena is very difficult. Because the soul, as we explained previously, is always moving and changing, and no psychological phenomenon can remain as it is for the blink of an eye. It changes without interruption, and does not return to the stage of the soul unless it is decorated with a new adornment. In addition, psychological life is very complex and involved. You cannot reveal all the factors affecting anger, or passion and passion, nor encompass all the elements.

Which consists of love, hate, happiness, and sadness.

What increases the difficulty of this classification is that the methods of analysis in psychology are different from the methods of analysis in the natural sciences, and the evidence for this is that if we investigate the properties of bodies such as temperature, colour, weight and sound. We wanted to explain its causes, so that we were not confused about any of it, because we perceive the difference between them with our senses. There is also little confusion in studying the properties of living bodies
About its functions, because these functions are related to special organs, science proves them accurately. As for psychology, the problems are great, because we cannot fully know psychological phenomena except through internal observation, unlike the natural sciences, which depend on external observation. Therefore, it was difficult to distinguish thoughts from emotions, such as distinguishing foods. Sounds and smells, because emotions are not an absolute contrast to thoughts, nor are they a complete contrast to them.

In addition, the laws of psychology are still vague, and its facts are still far from scientific control. This means that a scientific classification of psychological phenomena cannot be established unless psychology advances and becomes accurate in its facts like other natural sciences. The psychological facts are many, and they cannot be classified completely unless psychology follows the experimental method and its laws are integrated, and as long as this science is still in its infancy, every classification we come up with at the present time can only be temporary.

3- Scientific classification

Some scientists have tried to classify psychological phenomena scientifically. Some of them disagreed with the school classification, and some of them followed it in its general outlines. We will mention some of them

We are correct in saying that

1 - Rabie’s classification (1): - Rabie said: The mental functions are divided into the following categories: 1: - The functions of acquisition, such as sensation and feeling, which are necessary for acquiring materials of knowledge. 2: - The functions of memorization, such as memory. 3: - The functions of systems. And composition, such as the association of ideas and imagination. 4: - Explaining the functions of maturity, which are the true mental functions, such as perception.

Overall meanings, judgment, inference

Rabie did not complete his classification because he limited it to mental life only, and he did not violate the scholastic classification in dividing the soul into passive, rational, and active.

2 - Ray (1) describes -: Who - and among those who modeled the school classification (Abel Ray), it was claimed that in each psychological force there are three varying degrees, which opened the layer of mature mental actions, the poet herself, a layer. Spontaneous actions that appear in feelings without us having any effect on their occurrence, such as perception, is a sum of elementary phenomena, that is, a sum of sensations. Underneath the layer of automatic actions is a third layer, which is the unconscious and automatic layer. Let the research into psychological phenomena must be preceded by general research into general functions, such as memory, habit, association, and attention.

Statement of Rey's classification: General conditions of psychological life

1 - A brief investigation into the unconscious and automaticity:

1 - Memory and habit (the function of representation) 2 - The functions of feeling 2 - Association (the function of integration and mental synthesis) - Attention (the general function of discrimination and perception)

B - Special psychological phenomena

1 - Primary phenomena (sensations) - Automatic composition (perception)

2

3 - Reflective writing (general perceptions and meanings)

4 - General factors affecting the development of mental life (mental principles

and creative mental effectiveness)

1 - Mental life

2- Emotional life

- Primary phenomena (emotion or feeling of pleasure and pain) 2 - Automatic formation (irritations and whims)

- Reflective writing (emotions)

- General factors affecting the development of emotional life (tendencies and inclinations, the instinct for survival, sympathy, and imitation)


-2 General result: the relationship of the body and the soul - psychological and personal automatism.

1 - Primary phenomena (reflexive actions)

2 - Automatic composition (special instincts and habits)

3- Active life

3 - Reflective composition (voluntary actions)

- General factors affecting the growth of active life (creation)

Perhaps the best thing about this classification is its separation of general psychological functions from specific psychological phenomena, psychological conditions, and the complexity of its elements. But the foundation on which it was built does not meet the requirements of scientific control, and we do not need much trouble in explaining its deficiency, for he made memory equal to habit and placed it in the primary rank of the general functions of feeling, and it did not occur to him that it is sometimes a high mental act composed of several functions. In its general outlines, it does not contradict the scholastic classification, except that it equates the three psychological powers, and perhaps he made a mistake in arranging it according to

This is because the level of emotional life is below the level of mental life

(1) -: About 3 - Classification by Bey Rajaneh 11 He (Bey Rajaneh) tried to develop a different classification. The scholastic classification. He divided the psychological phenomena in the book (Psychological Automatics) into two different parts: 1 - Conservatrice Activité, which is the power of memorization and retrieval. 2 - The effectiveness of composition and composition (activité de synthese), which is superior to the first, because the first is consequential and the second is creative. The soul in the natural state is the sum of these two activities. As for fried diseases, the effectiveness of the structure disintegrates and dissolves, unlike the conservative effectiveness, which remains as it is, because it does not require, like the first, great psychological energy. One of the characteristics of the effectiveness of the composition is that its phenomena are very complex and complex, and that they are connected to reality and the present, and are consistent with the conditions of social life. Let the psychological phenomena be divided into two parts, considering tension or psychological tension: 1 - states of low tension 20 - states of high tension. Cases of conservative activity have low and simple tension, while there is activity

The composition is of high tension.
There is no doubt that Dr. Bey Rajaneh introduced a new idea to the classification of psychological phenomena. But scientists today criticize the idea of ​​psychological tension, and say that it has a philosophical tendency. We cannot now expand the statement on that (1), but we say one statement about it, which is: Psychological stress is built on a physiological basis. If we base the classification of psychological states on this basis, psychology will lose its independence