الطريقة الموضوعية. ٣

الطريقة الموضوعية. ٣

Objective method


People's indirect external observation of themselves, and his analysis of their effects. There are two ways to obtain people's feedback for themselves, the first is the question method and the second is the personal test method.

:- This method depends on the scientist’s interpretation of observations

The method of questioning or the survey method is to ask a question or several printed questions that are published in a magazine or sent to people by mail, so that a large number of people can answer them. Thus, the scientist obtains a large number of different answers, which he collects, scrutinizes, analyzes and classifies. Scientists have used this method to study psychological preparations and types of memory. And illusion, and thinking with its relationships to mental images, is true. Ribot said that this method is similar to the method of public voting. It is poorly controlled and cannot be relied upon alone to reach certainty.

As for the method of personal testing, it is for the scientist to present himself to one or several people, under certain conditions, and to answer specific, limited questions. This method of personal testing is very accurate. We may make a mistake in putting the question, it may influence the person in charge, and we may change the answers and move away from their true meaning. But the personal test method is better than the question method. If the scientist can maintain the critical spirit and the conditions of scientific honesty in it, he will be able to

Saves you from making mistakes

An addition to the personal testing method is the experimental introspection method:
Writers describe it in their novels. The experimental method is called reaction experiments or numerical measurement experiments. However, after that, they brought these two opposing methods closer together, and imagined a new method that they called the method of experimental introspection. This method was called the “Wurzburg Method” in Germany, which is the name of the university that applied it, and in France it was called the “Barez Method,” because the first credit for using it goes to “Al-Fard Binh,” who was a professor of psychology at the Sorbonne. This method is based on The psychological researcher is more interested in describing the person’s psychological state than in answering his statement or answering one of the questions. If the scientist asks a person to compare two weights, for example, his interest will be directed to what is going on in this person’s soul more than his interest in the validity and accuracy of the comparison. And if he researches The association of ideas pays more attention to how the association occurs than to the interconnected words. Likewise, if I ask a question to a person, pay attention to the psychological images that this person uses in his answer to the question. This is then an investigation into the inner life, while it is in a state of activity. It has led to the revelation of many Psychological facts showed scientists that sensations and images do not play the role that was attributed to them, and that there are other psychological conditions that affect the life of the soul, such as feeling. The method aims

Relationships, feelings of intellectual emotions, mental states, and inclinations.

What helps to complete these external observations is the study of groups. We saw in the previous chapter that society has an influence on the souls of individuals. Nietzsche even said that observing groups is more useful than observing the individual. Because the individual is weak, he cannot express his desires and inclinations like groups, and therefore groups are more honest than individuals in expressing their desires, because they are more spontaneous than them and less fearful and pious.

So far, we have only investigated the psychology of the adult, and we have not revealed any of the forms of primary intellectual life. However, we know that our present intellectual life was born from primary intellectual life. Therefore, observation of children and animals was complementary to external observation, because it clarified conditions

The simple psychological life, and shows how voluntary movements were generated from automatic involuntary movements, how language was acquired, senses developed, and emotions elevated. What if the study of animals indicates that they can be preferred over humans due to some of their special powers?