المذهب النفسي

المذهب النفسي

1 - Psychological doctrine

It is the doctrine of the philosopher Gabriel Tard, who claimed that imitation is a comprehensive phenomenon that includes all beings. Psychological states are transmitted from one person to another by imitation, just as light or sound is transmitted from one medium to another by vibration. The individual first of all imitates himself, as in habit and memory, then he imitates others, and the sleeper imitates the hypnotist, and the young imitates the old, and the poor imitates the rich, and the weak imitates the strong, and grandchildren imitate grandfathers, and the sleeper imitating the hypnotist is the first of simple social phenomena, or it is, as was said, a point. The connection between psychology and sociology, either

Grandchildren imitating their grandparents is a complex phenomenon that does not come down to instinct, but rather includes many mental elements. From this imitation between generations, social customs are generated, because they are the inheritance of the past, and from people imitating each other in the present, fashions are born and invention spreads. Were it not for imitation, these things would not have occurred. Social. There are two laws of imitation, namely (Tard):

The first law: imitation of the internal takes precedence over imitation of the external. That is, we begin to imitate people in their thoughts and emotions before we imitate them in their fashion and actions. This also means that imitation of ideas precedes imitation of words and effects, and that imitation of goals and objectives precedes imitation of the means that lead to them.

If we examine this law, we find that it does not apply to all circumstances. A person often imitates the outside of life before imitating its inside. There are many examples that indicate the transfer of imitation from the outward to the inward at times and from the inward to the outward at other times


The second law: - Imitation moves from low to high. The young imitates the old, the lowly imitates the high, the child imitates his teacher, the subjects imitate their rulers, and the grandchildren imitate the grandfathers. The conquered nations imitate the victorious nations, and the countryside imitates the cities

Social phenomena are therefore psychological phenomena that spread among individuals by imitation. There is no occurrence in social life of an event that has no basis in individuals, but rather the whole is composed of parts. What is true for an individual is true for others, and sociology is only a section of psychology.

There are other means of transmitting psychological phenomena from one person to another, which are:

- Proof and persuasion - I can convey my ideas to another person either through proof or persuasion, and they differentiate between proof and persuasion by saying that the first is based on rational evidence only, while the second is based on correspondences. The goal of proof is to make the truth widely known, independent of people. As for the goal of persuasion, it is to harness the mind of the addressee and incapacitate him, and to exhaust his means so that he is unable to object, not because the matter has become clear to him and clarified, but because he has nothing left with which to object to his opponent. In a way

Proof is the method of knowledge and learning, while the method of persuasion is the approach of party leaders, preachers, and messengers. They teach the facts with rational proofs, and they spread their political and religious opinions by all means of persuasion.