سباق بين صناعة الصحافة . . . والزمن ٣_a .. كتاب صحافة الغد

Through the filter. The light values ​​are transformed within the mind into their true origins. The mind returns it again, corrected to the lens above the hot film, through electrical flashes, each flash differing from the other in how long and short it is. This process takes place at a speed of half a second per square centimeter. If we put three color films (6 x 9) in one frame, their three colors will be separated. . Printing color from these three films will not take more than 67 seconds, and this is done in broad daylight without the need for a black room to complete this process. The film can be printed in negative or positive form by pressing a specific key.

Colorgraph device: It is a device for color correction using the electronic eye method. The three-color negative films are placed in the front chassis, and the raw films are placed in the rear chassis. Using an electronic mind and an electronic lens, colors are corrected on raw films. This is a retouching process that was carried out by technical workers and took days to complete.

The process of transferring the image (18 x 24 centimetres) takes place at a speed of 75 lines per centimeter, meaning that the image is finished with its three colors in 26 minutes. The three colors on the three films have been transferred in this period and the electronic retouching process has ended.

Automatic telephoto: It is an automatic device for transmitting images that was recently manufactured and can receive images automatically without the presence of a receiving agent. The device stops and starts working on its own according to the transmitter's instructions. The image is developed and automatically installed inside the device. This device can receive 250 images without any interference. He can work all night, and then the specialists come in the morning to find... Ready to print. This device presents one image every 12 minutes, then automatically places sensitive paper in the place of the previous image. When it receives the transmission signal, it begins receiving the image. When it is finished, it removes the image from it and sends it to the small development chamber inside it, then dries it and places it on top of the previous image. Thus, the process continues without stopping the images for all 24 hours.

He created a small (portable) device that the journalist carries with him on his trips, and pictures can be sent from any office or home. All he has to do is remove the phone plug, place the device plug in its place, and begin the transmission process immediately. It is a transistor device for transmitting images.

Hull also manufactured a device for transmitting color images. This device was displayed at the Paris Printing Exhibition in 1965. This device can send images in color via telephone wires or by telegraph.

There is another method used by some newspapers to transmit pictures by radio. This is done by recording audio signals on a regular recording device (recorder), and then broadcasting these signals after connecting the recorder to the telephoto device. In this way, the image can be kept on tape to be taken when needed.

The Dutch news company ANP (800 correspondents) uses a large network for transmission and reception. Its network is considered one of the most modern in the world in this field. This is clearly evident in its large halls, which are filled with transmitters and telex devices that receive news on 15 different radio reception lines, in addition to the numerous wire lines. The company distributes it to its many subscribers in Europe. At a speed of 400 lines per minute.

In 1954, it introduced a new process into its news system, obtaining 12 image-receiving devices. This network presented many difficulties, due to the necessity of finding a technical worker to receive each image, upload it, and then place the sensitive paper to receive the next image. In 1964, the Dutch News Company obtained the modern device for receiving images automatically. Each device provided an image every 12 minutes, after it had been developed, fixed and dried without any human intervention. This device used to provide only 50 consecutive images, and this amount has been increased to 250 images thanks to the improvements made to this device. All newspaper houses rushed to acquire this device.

The speed of the success of this device made experts think about making a manual device for the journalist to use, in which he can store the pictures he takes on a magnetic tape and then send them to his newspaper one by one.

Page transfer device (Pressfax): The entire process of transferring a newspaper from one country to another is a major economic operation. It saves all the costs of printing, penciling, etching clichés, correcting proofs, etc. The newspaper was - and still is - transported by T.T.S. machines, which are telegraphic or telephone collection machines from one country to another. This required re-casting the lead in other printing presses according to the original copy from the central printing press. Newspapers also sent pictures by telephone or wireless to all subsidiary printing presses, to carry out the operations of packaging, etching, and correcting clichés. As for the new method, it dispensed with all of these operations, as the newspaper suffices with one operation in the central printing press, then it extracts a clean proof of the entire page - the verbal material and the pictorial material on one copy - and this page is placed in a transmitter connected to the subsidiary printing presses that receive the full page in 6 minutes. . This page is the one that is printed on a zinc plate, then engraved, and “so-and-so” is placed on top of it to extract the page’s imprint on it. This person has lead poured onto him in the form of a semicircular plate that carries out the printing process upside down. There is also another method, which is to use the zinc plate upright on the rotary press instead of pressing it under the so-and-so. This method speeds up the printing time. Pages may be transferred from a typograph press to an offset press, without any modification. The page arrives at the sub-press in the form of a negative film. This film can be printed on the zinc plate of the typograph press, and it can also be printed and engraved on the zinc plate of the offset press. Color pages can also be transferred in this same way.

This system began to be used to move pages in many newspapers around the world in the sixties of this century. It has been widely used in the United States, Canada, Britain, Japan, the Soviet Union, Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

The first newspaper to be completely transmitted by long-distance broadcast channels was the Wall Street Journal, which appears in 4 editions: an edition in Chicago, an edition in Cleveland, an edition in Dallas, and an edition in San Francisco. The first shipment began to San Francisco, followed by other cities.

The Japanese had been experimenting with this method of transferring pages since 1959, and the Wall Street Journal was in constant contact with the Japanese newspaper “Asahi Shimbun” and in contact with the Moorhead Company in London, which was manufacturing the devices. The speed of sending the first page was 30 minutes. Today, the page is sent in less than 5 minutes.

This device (PressFax) began to be used in Sweden on April 1, 1964, in the Aftonbladet newspaper. This device can transfer 22 pages from Stockholm to a circle with a diameter of 500 kilometers in an hour. Because this huge device can transfer 3 pages at one time. The transfer process takes place at a speed of 70,000 points per second. They are now trying to increase this speed by transmitting images via the television channel, thus increasing the speed to one million points per second. Then it will not take more than one minute to transfer the page.

Electric printing press (Xerograph): It is a device that can print without ink and without acids, but using an electrostatic method. This printing method differs from the photographic method. Because this printing press uses light to cause an electrical change on the surface of ordinary paper, while light is used in photography to cause a chemical change on the surface of sensitive paper. Ordinary paper in electrical printing receives a charge of static electricity and retains it in the dark and becomes an electrical insulator. If the paper is exposed to light after that, the electrical charge leaks from it and thus turns into an electrical conductor in the light.

This idea was discovered by the American scientist Chester Carlson in 1938 after experiments that lasted several years. He called it electrographic printing. This name was long, so they shortened it to xerography and the word Xeros.