١- النفس والعالم الخارجي

١- النفس والعالم الخارجي

14 3- The self and the external world

Let us now leave the body and look at the relationship of psychological phenomena to external natural phenomena. In the unknown of this vast world, the soul changes from one state to another. It does not stop at one scene except to settle in another. It, like all other beings, is in constant change. It has no life except through change and movement, as if it were a living being that nourishes, grows, and is consistent in the system of existence. It connects to the external world through The body that dialogues with her, as if the body is her ship on which she sails in this existence

The tangible person.

Therefore, we can study the soul from the external point of view, not as the behaviorists did, but rather in the manner of life scientists or physicists. We look at the conditions of its life, growth, and adaptation to the surroundings. Then we examine the influence of external factors on psychological phenomena and their percentage

to her .

Not about psychological phenomena and biology - biologists say that every living body, if it lives, must adapt to the conditions of the environment. In Spencer's view, life arises. Tuning inside out. All living bodies grow by assimilating the elements they absorb, and these absorbed substances are transformed into tissues and organs, as if the body is a laboratory for chemical composition, except that the nature of its compounds is different from the nature of mineral compounds. While you find inanimate bodies that have no life tending to balance and rest, you find living bodies in continuous movement that change under the influence of external factors, so you select them and react to their effects, and with this selection they form a special qualitative image, as if there was a plan drawn up before that life fulfills by changing the type image and its perfection. I say. If inanimate bodies are composed of simple elements that are dissolved into them, then living bodies are constantly moving and growing, as if there is a directing thought that selects the elements necessary for the survival and growth of life. We can collect all these characteristics by saying: Life is adaptation, representation, reaction, and organization.

And selection

Feeling, as we mentioned, is similar to living bodies, in which we find all the characteristics of life in a more complete form


Familiar pictures of life. The first characteristic of feeling is its effect on adaptation, that is, on adapting to the environment, and it cannot survive without this adaption. But complete familiarity leads to unconsciousness. Because there is no feeling in the organs that are accustomed to the surroundings, nor in stable, fixed movements. An example of this is that the cyclist does not notice the movements of his legs, nor does he feel their subtleties, as if perception, as Henri Bergson said, is blocked by action. There is no feeling in a state of complete balance. Rather, feeling is loyal to freedom and change, and it only appears when harmony is interrupted.

Secondly, the properties of feeling are represented by external elements. The soul collects feelings, fuses them, and changes them, and the meanings of things are formed from them. It is as if perception and knowledge of the external world are similar to the body’s representation of food materials.

As well as movements, reflexive actions, instincts and tendencies. It is something like actions through which the soul reflects the effects of the external environment. You will see in the following sections how the soul makes selections in sensation, perception, viewing, thinking, and deciding, according to the law of attention, and how feeling organizes and coordinates these selected materials. What brings the similarity between feeling and living bodies is that it is subject to the law of development and integration, so much so that Ray said: (Feeling develops and grows under the influence of practical needs, and it is completely related to the development of the forms of life)

Scientists have called this method biopsychology, and it investigates the adaptation and change of feeling according to the conditions of life, and according to practical needs, benefit, and interest.