الطباعة الباردة ١_a .. كتاب صحافة الغد

Cold printing

That was in the spring of 1944, and a French employee named Higonnet, who had nothing to do with printing presses at all, was visiting one of the printing presses with a friend of his in Lyon, France. Higuene was very curious, asking about everything his eyes saw and how every device he saw worked. The conversation before him took place about offset printing, and he understood from the conversation that they photograph the letters after they are combined. Higuene was interested in the subject due to his hobby of photography, and then he asked them. How to depict these letters. So they told him that they first collect the subject on a letter-casting machine, so the lines fall on a base of hot lead, then they print this lead on white “cochet” paper, and then they photograph the words printed on this paper, and this film that has been filmed is sent for preparation (montage) until... It is depicted again on zinc plate. Hegoné asked them in astonishment: What do you do with the lead lines? They looked at him smiling and said: We no longer need it after printing one proof of it. We are melting it down again. Hegoné asked them: Is there no way other than this method by which you can dispense with this cycle, which is the process of collecting lead and then throwing it in the smelter?

Upon his return to his office, he began to think about the wasted time and effort, until the first idea came to him. Why doesn't he make a transparent (negative) barricade? This film is black in color and the letter is transparent in its middle. When light passes through it, the letter will be reflected on a sensitive paper or on a sensitive film and appear on it. It is the same idea of ​​photography that he loves.

In early 1945, his idea came into being. He placed all 88 letters of the alphabet, numbers, and special characters on a small film that did not exceed ten centimeters in length and width. Thus, he dispensed with the huge traditional barricade store, which contained more than 2,000 copper barricades placed on top of the Linotype machine. He was able to reduce this process in terms of area and weight. This small store can rotate in front of the light by means of the typewriter keys. When he presses, for example, the key of the letter (m), the store rotates and the M pillar stands in front of the light. The moment it stops, the light ray is lit automatically and passes through the negative letter and is imprinted on the sensitive film. The idea is simple. But it caused a major revolution in the journalism industry. Then Maquette showed the strange device to the director of the technical school in Paris (Ranc), who predicted to him a revolution in the art of printing. Higuene did not imagine that his simple idea would cause such a sensation. In 1948, he agreed with an American company to finance his project, and two years later the first photographic collecting device appeared. The hot lead line began to give way to the cold film line very slowly. This method of lettering was called cold printing. 1957 - Perforated tape began to spread, and the speed of collecting on this device increased 150 times what it was seven years ago. But the major leap for this device began after the electronic mind entered this field, and speed became measured in millions.

Before the invention of the pictorial summation device, there were three ways in which the summation process was carried out:

The first: the method of lining up letters by hand, one letter next to the other, at a speed ranging between 1000 and 1500 letters per hour (30 to 40 lines).

The second: the monotype method, which is a mechanical method that collects letters on a letter-casting machine that produces independent letters, then lines each letter next to the other. This device uses a keyboard alongside the letter-casting machine. The speed increased to 10,000 characters per hour (300 lines).

Third: The Linotype tape method, which is also a mechanical method. The line is collected as an integrated unit and then cast on a lead base. The speed increased between 8,000 and 15,000 characters per hour (450 lines), and these materials collected in this way were connected via chassis and switches. Its letters were prominent and could be printed on paper, pressed onto flats, or photocopied from paper for use in offset and heliograph printing.

While collecting by photography is completely different from this process, as there is no lead at all. When pressing the keys, instead of . When the machine pours lines of lead, it produces a transparent film on which these letters are printed. In offset printing and heliographs, they do not benefit from the collected lead, and therefore the idea of ​​dispensing with it was economical and quick. It reduced an expensive step to ultimately achieve the same result, which is the text printed on film. When the electronic mind appeared and experts discovered its superior speed, auxiliary devices (mechanical summing devices) hindered and restricted this device from its speed. The electronic mind loses its value quickly unless the rest of the devices in the journalistic work keep up with it. Because the news loses its suitability for publication if its printing is delayed. Therefore, lead generation is considered a primitive process in the golden age of the press industry. Because the speed of combining with bullets - even with perforated tape - does not exceed 8 or 10 letters per second. While the speed of the photocopier reaches 1600 characters per second. In addition to the large variety of types of letters that can be used to zoom in on this device.

Before arriving at this amazing device, experts were able to increase production from 10 letters per second to 30 letters per second by combining photography on intercalation machines and on copper barricades with a transparent letter inside them. Today, they are working to increase production to more than a thousand characters per second, through the electronic eye or what they call (the immaterial barricade). From this idea, experts began working to create these electronic barricades. They are images of letters sent into the LED TV screen (cathode tube). This image is created in the same way as the images we see on television. Thus, these images can be produced quickly, changed quickly, and can be displayed separately or in the form of entire lines. Its size can also be changed by enlarging or reducing it upon request. These images are displayed through the lens on sensitive film or paper, and are produced in the form of printed letters. These letters are made up of a network of intersecting lines that cannot be distinguished by the eye. Each letter is made up of a certain number of lines, just as the picture on television occurs, and the mind’s memory accommodates all the shapes of the letters under an electronic/retina image (as shown in Figure 1). If we imagine that the three letters .a.bg. Above them are intersecting lines representing a grid of small squares. Part of these squares covers the surface of the letter (which is shown in the drawing in black line), while the other part of these squares covers the space around the letter. This alternation of white and black squares helps in translating the images of letters into vibrations and recording them using electronic methods. Each black square is given a positive value and each white square is given a negative value. The squares on the edge of the image (letter) have a positive value if the majority of the image belonging to the letter is black, and vice versa. When producing images of letters, pulses are sent to the television LED. Positive pulses illuminate the electron beam, while negative pulses block the light.
From the start.

The electron beam performs this process at all points of the image, one after the other. Therefore, it was necessary to follow a specific system when sending these points. Because transmission has 3 meanings. It means, firstly, that the letter (such as the one in the drawing) is resolved by the electron beam, and the result of this is that the device perforates a tape based on these commands. This means again that the letter that was punched on a tape can be stored in the memory of the electronic mind. A third time for the collection process means that these pulses that were stored were sent to the television LED, where the image is used on the screen.

The system for sending these points starts from the bottom - to the north - and follows the first line upwards, then follows it with the next line to the right and begins its analysis from the bottom up until it finally reaches the last point at the top of the last line to the right, and thus the entire letter has been completed.