أهم المنشآت المشيدة في العهد العثماني ٢_a .. كتاب العمارة العربية الاسلامية

12 - Ismail Pasha School: It is the Souq Al-Khayyatin School. It was built in the year 1141 / 1728 during the time of Ismail Pasha’s rule over Damascus. He was from the famous Al-Azm family and the first of them. His son Asaad Pasha added the upper floor to it a few years later (1162 AH).

13 - Abdullah Pasha Al-Azm School: It is located on the road between Al-Nouria School and Al-Azm Palace. It was established by the governor of Damascus, Abdullah Pasha, in the year 1779/1193. It is a small school consisting of two floors of rooms for housing students. In its front wing is a prayer sanctuary, decorated with beautiful tile panels.

14 - The Sulaymaniyah School: named after Suleiman Pasha al-Azm, the governor of Damascus in the year 1150/1737/ and it is in the Sulaymaniyah alley in the Bab al-Barid district.

15 - Al-Yaghoushiyya Mosque: in the Al-Shaghour district, built by the governor of Damascus, Siyaghush Pasha, in the year 1027/1617.

16 - Sinan Agha Mosque: It is located outside Bab Al-Faraj, north of the Damascus Citadel, between it and the Barada River. It was built by Sinan bin Abdullah, Agha of the Janissaries, in the year 970 / 1562. It is a small mosque, but it is rich in its architectural elements, wood and tile panels.

17 - Al-Assali Mosque: It is located in Al-Qadam, south of Damascus, and its origins are a hospice at the first stop for caravans going to Hajj. It was built by the governor, Ahmed Pasha Kojak, in the year 1045/1635 for Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali Al-Hariri Al-Assali, one of the Sufi men, and it was placed in a dome in the middle of the courtyard, to whom the building was later attributed.

18 - Fathi Mosque: It is located in the locality of Al-Qaymariya. It was built in the year 1156 / 1743 by a government employee known as Fathi Al-Daftari, who also built the Fathi Hammam located in the locality of Al-Midan. 19 - Baths: The most important remaining baths from the Ottoman era are the Fathi Hammam and Al-Rifai Hammam, which are in the locality of Al-Midan. And the tile bathroom located in the Silk Market, but it was transformed many years ago into a commercial market and still maintains its layout and the tile panels that cover some of its walls and facade. It was built by the governor Darwish Pasha, the creator of the Darwish Mosque, in the late tenth century AH. The bathhouse of Souk al-Khayyatin was also transformed into a textile factory. It is likely that it was contemporary with the khan next to it, Khan al-Jawkhiya. There are many hammams that have disappeared due to road construction and demolition works. We mention among the most important and beautiful of them is the Malika Hammam, which was located to the north of the Darwishiya Mosque. She lived in the year 1136 AH (the eighteenth century).

Buildings of the city of Aleppo in the Ottoman era

1 - Al-Khusrawiyah Mosque: It is located south of the citadel at its main gate. It is the first building to be constructed in the city of Aleppo according to the new Ottoman architecture (Photo No. (79). It resembles a hospice in its layout and its sections consisting of a mosque, a school, and a kitchen for living. It was built in the year 951/1544, built by the vizier Khosrow Pasha, who was before that the governor of Aleppo between the years 1544/951. 938 and 941 AH.

2 - Al-Adliya Mosque: It was built by the governor Muhammad Pasha in the year 963 / 1555, and is located in the Al-Saffahiya locality. It contains a courtyard with a covered water pool. It has a sanctuary fronted on the north side by two parallel porticoes on columns, and the prayer hall is square in shape, with a side length of 23 metres, roofed with a single dome, and the mosque has a cylindrical minaret in the Ottoman style.

3 - Al-Bahramiya Mosque: It is located in the Al-Jaloum district and in the main markets area extending from east to west. It was built by the governor Bahram Pasha in the year 988/1580, and it is similar to a hospice in terms of architectural design, except that the sanctuary has a layout that differs from other Ottoman mosques, as we notice a protrusion in the qibla wall in the form of an iwan that contains within it the mihrab.

4 - Khan Qurt Bey: Today he is known as Khan Qurtuba, at the beginning of the Ottoman era. Qurt Bey, to whom the khan is attributed, is the son of the famous governor Khosrow Pasha, according to what was mentioned in the words of Sauvage and Talas. The khan consists of a main pavilion with an important gate. At its chest is a wide, very high iwan, on either side of which are two rooms. We previously attributed this section of the bar to the Mamluk era, based on the evidence of architecture and decorations found in the windows of the two rooms connected to the iwan, as well as the Mamluk writing engraved on the iron grille. We considered it a piece of a Mamluk palace that was not included in the Ottoman khan project.

E - Khan Al-Kumrak (Al-Gomrok): It is located in the main markets area. It was built by the governor, Muhammad Pasha, around the year 982 / 1574. It is a large khan, with a heavenly courtyard in the middle of which is a hexagonal mosque roofed with a dome, and inside which there are shops distributed. On the upper floor there are residential halls and suites that were inhabited in the past by foreign commercial communities. Along its northern façade, the khan leads an elaborate market with a high dome in the middle at the khan’s door, the corners of which are filled with muqarnas. The door of the khan is wide, luxurious, and richly decorated.

6 - Khan al-Wazir: It was built, as Al-Ghazi says, in Nahr al-Dhahab in the year 1093/1683. It is located between the citadel and the Great Mosque. It is a spacious khan with a sky courtyard with a mosque in the middle and surrounded by shops and warehouses. It is on two floors. The upper floor contains a gallery overlooking the courtyard via a series of arches.

The most beautiful thing about the khan is its gate, with its external and internal facades and its richly decorated windows (Photos 87, 88).

7 - Other khans: There are other khans that come in second place in relation to the three khans that we talked about, including: Khan Al-Nahhasin, Khan Al-Bulgul, Khan Al-Taf, Khan Al-Tatan, Khan Al-Bandaqa, Khan Al-Alabiyah, and Khan Al-Farayen.

8 - The Ottoman School: It also resembles a hospice, and includes a mosque with a minaret, teaching halls, and rooms for students to live in, with a courtyard and gardens in the middle. It still exists inside Bab al-Nasr, but its northern wing was recently cut off due to the construction of a new street (Prison Street). It was established by Othman Pasha in the year 1140/1730, and he called it the Al-Rezaiya School (Plan No. 30).

9 - The Shaabaniya School: It is in the locality of Farafra. It was established by Shaaban Agha around the year 1088/1076, and it is similar to the Ottoman schools or hospices.

10 - Al-Ahmadiyya Madrasa: In the Al-Jalloum district, it was built in the eighteenth century and is similar to the Takaya. It is famous for its precious manuscripts that were preserved by the Islamic Endowments.

11 - The Mawawi Hospice: It was built in the early tenth century AH by the Dervish order attributed to Jalal al-Din al-Rumi. Sections of it were renewed and its location is in the locality of Bab al-Faraj, to the east of the Aleppo Museum.