آثار العمارة المملوكية ١_a .. كتاب العمارة العربية الاسلامية

B) Monuments of Mamluk architecture:

We mentioned that the most important monuments left by the Mamluks are seen in the two major cities of Damascus and Aleppo. Here we will count these buildings, starting with the buildings of Damascus, then Aleppo, then what is scattered in other parts of the country, so that those who wish to learn about Mamluk antiquities, or to develop studies about them, will benefit from this census.

Damascus city buildings:

1 - Al-Zahiriyya School: Today it is the headquarters of the Al-Zahiriyya Library. It was an old house, and after the death of King Al-Zahir in the year 678 / 1279 it was converted into a school. A luxurious courtyard was built in the southwestern corner of it, with a high dome, to which his body was transferred and his son, King Al-Said, was later buried with him, and it is the most beautiful thing. Today there is the school door with its magnificent muqarnas (Photo No. 48), and the interior walls are clad with earth filled with all kinds of adornments and embellishments, from glass mosaics, of the Umayyad mosaic type, to colored marble, inscriptions engraved in stone or gilded wood, and marble mosaics. In the soil there is a wonderful mihrab made of colored marble (Photo No. 72).

2 - The Qalandariyya soil: It is a small corner in the Bab al-Saghir cemetery near the shrine of Sayyida Zainab. It was built during the reign of al-Zahir Baybars for a sect called the Qalandariyya. It is of little importance and is distinguished by the presence of two lions engraved on the stones of the facade, representing the apparent emblem of King Al-Zahir, which is seen in most of the buildings built in his day.

3 - The Sultan’s Hammam: It is located in the Al-Aqsab area, west of the Sadat Mosque. It was built in the late seventh (thirteenth) century and is attributed to Sultan King Al-Ashraf Qaitbay. Its door bears the aforementioned Sultan’s blazon. It is considered one of the most important and oldest Mamluk baths.

4 - Tikrit soil: Its location is in Salhiya, in the neighborhood called between the schools. It was built in the year 698 / 1298, and is famous for its magnificent stucco decorations. Among the important building elements are also the facade overlooking the street, the gate with muqarnas, the arched vestibule, and the soil containing the tomb of the minister Taqi al-Din al-Takriti, to whom the soil is attributed.

E - Al-Kajkani soil: It is currently called Al-Kajkaria, and its location is in Al-Afif. It was established in the year 1313/712 by Prince Sayf al-Din Kajakun bin Abdullah al-Nasiri. It has a dome that was recently repaired and returned to how it was originally.

6 - Al-Turba Al-Dubaji: It is located to the east of the Hanbali Mosque, opposite its eastern door. It has a beautiful facade and a door decorated with muqarnas. The Sultan of Gilan, Shams al-Din Dubaj, who died on his way to Hajj in 714/314, was buried there.

7 - Prince Gurlu’s soil. Prince Gurlu was a representative of the Sultanate in Damascus. He died in the year 719/1319 and was buried in his soil, which he built at the foot of Qasioun, north of the Hanbali Mosque.

8 - Tanjaz Mosque: One of the most important mosques of the Mamluk era, it was built by the famous representative of the Sultanate, Sayf al-Din Tanjaz, in the year 714 / 1314 AD. It was demolished in the modern era, and some of its ruins remained: its magnificent gate, the turba, and the minaret.

9 - Al-Aqsab Mosque: It is also called Al-Sadat Mosque. It was renovated in the year 721/1321 by Prince Nasir al-Din Ibn Manjak. The most important thing about it is the beautiful mihrab and the marble mosaics around it (old photo No. 73). And its square minaret.

10 - Yalbugha Mosque: It was located in Marjah Square, in the locality known as Al-Bahsa. It was built by Saif al-Din Yalbugha in the year 748/1347. It was demolished by the Ministry of Endowments in 1975 to erect a modern building on its land. Some of its antiquities were transferred to the Damascus Museum (1).

11 - Turbah Araq: In the locality of Al-Maydan Al-Wastani, the most important thing about it is its facade and its gate. It is attributed to Araq bin Abdullah Al-Salhadar, who was the representative of the Sultanate in Damascus. It was built in 750/1349. In the soil is a shrine attributed to the companion Suhaib Al-Rumi. On it is a coffin made of well-made wood, decorated with ornate fillings inlaid with ivory.

12 - Al-Turbah Al-Afridouniya: It is located on the main road heading from Bab Al-Jabiya to the Bab Al-Saghir cemetery. It was established by a merchant named Afridoun Al-Ajami, to be a house for the Qur’an and a soil for it. He died in the year 749/1348.

13 - Al-Wali Al-Shaybani: Its real name is Al-Turbah Al-Jibghaiya, named after its creator, Prince Al-Ji Bagha, who died in the year 754/1353. It is located near Al-Sabuniyya School on the aforementioned road. Which contains many schools and schools, and was called the Great Road, which is the Hajj road.

14 - Sabil al-Baridi: In the locality of al-Suwayqa, it dates back to the early Mamluk era, and is distinguished by its stone muqarnas.

15 - Al-Adiliyah Al-Baraniyya soil: at the foot of Qasioun, at a shrine. The Mamluk Sultan, King Al-Adil Katbugha, who died in the year 702/1302, was buried there. It has two modern mercy domes and a beautiful stone facade of one color, unlike the facades of buildings of the era (Photo No. 50)

16 - Al-Turba Al-Kawkabiyya: It is located behind Al-Nouriyya School from the south, in Al-Mahqama Alley. Today it is known as Zawiyat al-Nahlawi, where the lady Sitita, daughter of Prince Kawkabai, wife of Prince Sayf al-Din Tanjaz, the governor of Damascus, died in the year 730/1329.

17 - Dar al-Hadith al-Tanjaziya: It is a school for teaching the Qur’an, jurisprudence, and hadith. It is located in al-Buzuriya, south of Qasr al-Azm, in the street separating them. It was built by the representative of the Sultanate in Damascus, Saif al-Din Tanjaz, in the year 739/1338, as proven by the historical text engraved on its door, and it is well-built. The most important remains of it are its stone facade and the magnificent muqarnas door.

18 - Al-Khazna Sabil: It is located in the cotton market parallel to the Medha Pasha market from the south. It was renewed, as proven in the text inscribed on the front of the sabil, by the chamberlain of Damascus, Prince Saif al-Din Jarkas al-Nasiri. Year 807/1404. It is built with carved stone, and its most important feature is its arch, which consists of several arches. One of them consists of carved lobes similar to the heels of books. It is surmounted by an arch with many moldings of the pointed or broken type (Photo No. 62).

19 - Manjak Mosque: It is located in the locality of Maydan al-Hasa (Al-Jazmatiyya). It was established by Prince Ibrahim Ibn Manjak (Saif al-Din Manjak al-Nasiri) in the late eighth century AH. It has been modified and renewed. The most important thing that remains of it is its facade and its square minaret.

20 - Al-Tawrizi Mosque: It is located in the famous Mahalla, between the two places of Bab Sarija and the tomb of A’ika. It was built by Prince Ghars al-Din Khalil al-Tawrizi, the chamberlain of Damascus, in the year 823/1419. It is still in good condition, maintaining its original condition. It consists of a sanctuary, a roofed courtyard, and a terrace. Its minaret is square. It is distinguished by the porcelain panels that cover its interior walls (Photo 74)

21 - Hammam al-Tawrizi: It is attached to the aforementioned mosque and composed