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الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Viewing subjects in close - up
Even those of us with good vision are limited in what we can see . The art and skill of close - up photography lies in the successful exploration of objects that are close to the lower limits of visual dis crimination even for those with sharp vision . Therefore , in order to see the potential close - up subjects , you will find one of the many aids for magnifying objects a useful tool .
A variety of professional and skilled people use magnifying systems in their work . Jewelers use eyeglasses for exam ining the quality of small stones and for making delicate settings . Watchmakers , before the advent of the microchip , needed magnifiers for their type of minia ture engineering . Dentists and ophthal mic surgeons performing intricate opera tions , and glass engravers working at minute scales , all need magnifying aids .
The invention of glass lenses in the seventeenth century led to dramatic advances in science and in the arts and literature . The wealthy Victorians , with plenty of leisure time , created miniature symmetrical designs and colorful floral patterns , only fractions of an inch in diameter , by painstakingly assembling collages of butterfly scales and diatoms . Even with a x 20 magnifying lens or dis secting microscope , the work was so tiring on the eyes that only a few scales could be positioned at a single session . Then , when the creation was completed , the exquisite nature of the work could only be fully appreciated with the aid of a magnifier .
For anyone exploring the delights of close - up photography , some sort of magnifier is an important accessory . otherwise so many potential pictures will be missed . I always carry a hand lens in my camera bag . This is used for the pre cise identification of flowers , mosses and insects which require the examination of characteristics otherwise almost impos sible to see with the naked eye ; and also for seeing a potential picture before I spend time setting up a camera with bellows . So I make no apologies for dis cussing this subject in a book on close - up photography , for what the eye does not see the camera often does not take .
Watchmaker's eyeglass
This magnifying lens is held in place by the eye socket , like a monocle , so that both hands are free to hold and rotate the subject to be viewed . To find the correct focusing distance .. you bring the subject up towards the lens until it is sharply focused . Eyeglasses , which are made in magnifications ranging from 2 to x10 , are the same as those used by jewelers and watchmakers.
Reading lens ▷ A reading lens is a robust magnifier consisting of a long handle connected to circular magnifying glass . ranging in diameter from 21 to 4 inches . The size of this lens makes it convenient for reading print without having to bend your head over the page . The lens magnifies up to twice life - size .
Folding magnifier ▷ A folding magnifier , or hand lens , is used for examining subjects held in the hand . When not in use , it can be hung round the neck . The magnification of hand lenses ranges from x5 to x20 ; some have two or three lenses which can be used separately or in combination .
Illuminated magnifier
This battery - powered illuminated magnifier is especially useful for examining specimens outside at night , but it can also be used for taking a closer look at stamps , coins . embroidery or tapestry . The bulb is lit up by a switch on the outside of the hollow handle .
Other magnifiers
A reading glass is a slightly larger version of the reading lens , but it is attached to a base by a flexible arm . You can bend this arm into the most convenient position for viewing and this leaves . your hands free to move or to sketch the object . If you wish to look closely at a large and heavy object , you can put a magnifier on a sliding frame above it and slide the lens from side to side along the parallel bars . A linen tester is a folding pocket magnifier designed originally for counting the number of threads in one inch of fabric .
It is used by photographers and printers for critical examination of transparencies . A transparency magnifier is a modern version of a watchmaker's eyeglass . It does not fit into the eye socket , but rests on a light box . I use this magnifier an enormous amount to view slides at all stages . The pond - life magnifier is an ingenious cylindrical plastic magnifier with a lens at one end and a removable top at the other Small aquatic organisms can be examined inside the tube . Optipack is a versatile x3 magnifier which can be held in the hand or clipped onto spectacles .
Making a water - drop magnifier
From a piece of card , cut out a 2 - inch square . Then cut a hole inch in diameter in the center of the card . Glue a piece of aluminum foil over the hole .
Use a needle or a pin to make a tiny hole in the center of the aluminum foil . Place a piece of card underneath so as not to damage the work surface .
Carefully spread a thin layer of vaseline around the pinhole on both sides of the aluminum foil . Make sure that you do not damage the foil .
Using a pipette or the blunt end of a darning needle , lower a drop of water onto the pinhole . The water should bulge out on both sides of the foil .
With a clothespin as a handle for your water - drop magnifier , hold it close to your eye for viewing specimens . With this simple water lens , you will be able to view a variety of subjects in the house or garden . When the water finally evaporates drop more water into the hole to renew the lens .
A slide projector ▷ A projector is a useful way of enlarging a translucent or a finely perforated subject so that a number of people can view it at the same time on a screen . You will need some 35mm glass slide mounts for mounting the specimens , and they can then be projected in the same way as your transparencies . Subjects should be dry and not too thick to prevent them jamming the projector . In my lectures I have used feathers , dragonfly wings , pollen grains and partially decomposed leaf skeletons to add interest ; but a piece of pantie hose or lace would be suitable subjects for viewing with a projector . Studying objects in this way will enable you to assess how appropriate they are for photographing by means of bright field illumination .
الملحق ..
كتاب التصوير الفوتوغرافي المغلق
Viewing subjects in close - up
Even those of us with good vision are limited in what we can see . The art and skill of close - up photography lies in the successful exploration of objects that are close to the lower limits of visual dis crimination even for those with sharp vision . Therefore , in order to see the potential close - up subjects , you will find one of the many aids for magnifying objects a useful tool .
A variety of professional and skilled people use magnifying systems in their work . Jewelers use eyeglasses for exam ining the quality of small stones and for making delicate settings . Watchmakers , before the advent of the microchip , needed magnifiers for their type of minia ture engineering . Dentists and ophthal mic surgeons performing intricate opera tions , and glass engravers working at minute scales , all need magnifying aids .
The invention of glass lenses in the seventeenth century led to dramatic advances in science and in the arts and literature . The wealthy Victorians , with plenty of leisure time , created miniature symmetrical designs and colorful floral patterns , only fractions of an inch in diameter , by painstakingly assembling collages of butterfly scales and diatoms . Even with a x 20 magnifying lens or dis secting microscope , the work was so tiring on the eyes that only a few scales could be positioned at a single session . Then , when the creation was completed , the exquisite nature of the work could only be fully appreciated with the aid of a magnifier .
For anyone exploring the delights of close - up photography , some sort of magnifier is an important accessory . otherwise so many potential pictures will be missed . I always carry a hand lens in my camera bag . This is used for the pre cise identification of flowers , mosses and insects which require the examination of characteristics otherwise almost impos sible to see with the naked eye ; and also for seeing a potential picture before I spend time setting up a camera with bellows . So I make no apologies for dis cussing this subject in a book on close - up photography , for what the eye does not see the camera often does not take .
Watchmaker's eyeglass
This magnifying lens is held in place by the eye socket , like a monocle , so that both hands are free to hold and rotate the subject to be viewed . To find the correct focusing distance .. you bring the subject up towards the lens until it is sharply focused . Eyeglasses , which are made in magnifications ranging from 2 to x10 , are the same as those used by jewelers and watchmakers.
Reading lens ▷ A reading lens is a robust magnifier consisting of a long handle connected to circular magnifying glass . ranging in diameter from 21 to 4 inches . The size of this lens makes it convenient for reading print without having to bend your head over the page . The lens magnifies up to twice life - size .
Folding magnifier ▷ A folding magnifier , or hand lens , is used for examining subjects held in the hand . When not in use , it can be hung round the neck . The magnification of hand lenses ranges from x5 to x20 ; some have two or three lenses which can be used separately or in combination .
Illuminated magnifier
This battery - powered illuminated magnifier is especially useful for examining specimens outside at night , but it can also be used for taking a closer look at stamps , coins . embroidery or tapestry . The bulb is lit up by a switch on the outside of the hollow handle .
Other magnifiers
A reading glass is a slightly larger version of the reading lens , but it is attached to a base by a flexible arm . You can bend this arm into the most convenient position for viewing and this leaves . your hands free to move or to sketch the object . If you wish to look closely at a large and heavy object , you can put a magnifier on a sliding frame above it and slide the lens from side to side along the parallel bars . A linen tester is a folding pocket magnifier designed originally for counting the number of threads in one inch of fabric .
It is used by photographers and printers for critical examination of transparencies . A transparency magnifier is a modern version of a watchmaker's eyeglass . It does not fit into the eye socket , but rests on a light box . I use this magnifier an enormous amount to view slides at all stages . The pond - life magnifier is an ingenious cylindrical plastic magnifier with a lens at one end and a removable top at the other Small aquatic organisms can be examined inside the tube . Optipack is a versatile x3 magnifier which can be held in the hand or clipped onto spectacles .
Making a water - drop magnifier
From a piece of card , cut out a 2 - inch square . Then cut a hole inch in diameter in the center of the card . Glue a piece of aluminum foil over the hole .
Use a needle or a pin to make a tiny hole in the center of the aluminum foil . Place a piece of card underneath so as not to damage the work surface .
Carefully spread a thin layer of vaseline around the pinhole on both sides of the aluminum foil . Make sure that you do not damage the foil .
Using a pipette or the blunt end of a darning needle , lower a drop of water onto the pinhole . The water should bulge out on both sides of the foil .
With a clothespin as a handle for your water - drop magnifier , hold it close to your eye for viewing specimens . With this simple water lens , you will be able to view a variety of subjects in the house or garden . When the water finally evaporates drop more water into the hole to renew the lens .
A slide projector ▷ A projector is a useful way of enlarging a translucent or a finely perforated subject so that a number of people can view it at the same time on a screen . You will need some 35mm glass slide mounts for mounting the specimens , and they can then be projected in the same way as your transparencies . Subjects should be dry and not too thick to prevent them jamming the projector . In my lectures I have used feathers , dragonfly wings , pollen grains and partially decomposed leaf skeletons to add interest ; but a piece of pantie hose or lace would be suitable subjects for viewing with a projector . Studying objects in this way will enable you to assess how appropriate they are for photographing by means of bright field illumination .
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