موضوع علم النفس وتعريفه ب - وجهة النظر الموضوعي

موضوع علم النفس وتعريفه

ب - وجهة النظر الموضوعي

The subject of psychology and its definition

B - Objective point of view


While the spiritual philosophers based psychology on internal observation, the natural philosophers, including doctors and scientists, based their psychological investigations on the method of external observation, because psychological incidents have external effects that we can observe just as we can observe natural incidents. They were divided into sects in this method. Some of them were satisfied with explaining the relationship of psychological events to physiological events, and some of them investigated the relationship of these events to external natural influences. They expanded the research in studying these effects until they dealt with children, animals, and primary classes, and studied psychological diseases, and the impact of social life on individual psychological life.

1 - Doctors often research the relationship between the soul and the body. This is what they call psychophysiologie. The first to point this out were the philosophers of the present era (Descartes (and) Malebranche) and the English physician (Hartley) in 1749. But the true founder of psychology Physiology is Cadanis, whose book called The Relationship of the Body and the Soul had a great impact on modern psychology, including Lavater, Gall, Broca, Brown Sequar, and other latecomers.

2 - As for natural scientists, they wanted to apply in psychology the natural sciences method of experimentation and measurement, so for this purpose they established psychological laboratories, and in their investigations they replaced the qualitative method with the quantitative method. Wilhelm Wundt (1) was the first to establish a psychological laboratory in Europe in 1879, and after that these laboratories increased in Germany and the United States. The method of tests or mental tests (Methode des tests) (which are widely used today) can be added to this experimental method.

It is a method by which one can know the strength of individual faculties in relation to a certain scale or certain standards

The first person to think about establishing quantitative psychology was Herbert. He claimed that the phenomena of inner life are subject to the laws of the soul, just as the phenomena of the sky are subject to the laws of astronomy, and that the method of natural sciences should be applied to their study, by measuring their amounts and quantities. Weber and Fechner followed suit in this manner, and the latter developed a method for measuring sensations. Helmoltz also had a great influence on the search for the truth of sensations.

(2) The first person to think of establishing a psychological laboratory in France was (Beaunis). This laboratory was established at the University of Sorbonne, and Alfred int had a great influence on it. He combined the method of experimental laboratories with the method of inner meditation, and this method of his was called the experimental method of inner meditation. It is based on the psychological researcher's interest in describing the person's psychological state more than his interest in his reaction or answer to a question. If a person is asked to compare two weights, for example, he becomes more concerned with what is going on in that person’s mind than with the validity of his comparison. If he studies the association of ideas, he pays more attention to how the association occurs than to the interconnected words. This method then aims to explore the inner life while it is in a state of activity. Al-Fardinah applied it to educational topics. The scholars of the German Warzbourg School (Kulp. Bibler. Mare) followed suit, and then he developed