العادات والتقاليد الأجتماعية في حمص ١١_a .. كتاب حمص

Until the end of World War I (1918 AD), the development of the hijab did not go beyond this stage. In the thirties of this century, an important development occurred in women’s outer clothing. The “cape” replaced the “sheet,” which is a long coat that covers the body from the shoulders to what is below the knees. As for the head, it is worn. He was wearing a thin, delicate handkerchief that was transparent and did not cover him. He called it “bonne,” and it seems to be a distortion of the French “bonne.” It was the subject of great disapproval in conservative circles, to the point that boys were shouting while wearing it, “Mother of the dancing bonne, send her a knife and a bullet.”

The spread of the cap and bonnet was accompanied by the fashion of cutting hair (Shalisha), that is, to what is above the neck, after women’s hair was long with a man in the form of braids, and cutting hair is a manifestation of corruption, deviance from custom, and a bad innovation that the sheikhs resisted in their hadiths and sermons. It is narrated on the authority of one of them, and he had finished his sermon about Cutting hair and the necessity of reprimanding women for it, when one of the audience asked him: “Why did you allow your woman to cut her hair??” The sheikh replied, laughing, “God disgusts her with her life, and God spares her neck.”

*Lighting:

Lighting at night was done with a lamp, which is a pottery bowl that was placed in some (sweet oil), that is, olive oil. You immersed a wick in the oil and then lit the wick. If the oil was little and the wick was thin, the light would be brighter and the smoke would be less. That is why they said in their proverbs Al-Homsiyya Asili bint Asil Al-Lali. And lift (the wick), i.e. Asilah, daughter of Asilah, fry the oil and lift the wick. After kerosene oil entered the country in the first decade of the twentieth century, the means of home lighting developed and there became kerosene, which is a glass container with different shapes and shapes (61), in which kerosene oil is placed, then a plug is placed on it and a wide filament is passed through it. Its lower end is immersed in kerosene oil, its upper end is ignited, then a crystal with an inflated spindle shape is placed at the bottom and a thin cylindrical one at the top. Its base rests on a kerosene plug, so its light is brighter, and the higher its number, the more intense its light.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, lamps and candles were the only means of lighting, and there was no street lighting. At the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, the streets were illuminated by means of lanterns suspended at a certain height: He takes care of the lanterns of every neighborhood employee employed by the municipality, who passes by them before sunset and begins to light them. His greed for fuel, kerosene oil, often led to it extinguishing a short period after it was lit.

The lantern was a rectangular crystal rectangle fixed at its base from the inside (kerosene) and ended at the top with a ring used to carry it in the hand or to hang it on a stand. In September of the year 1912, the mayor was Mr. Omar Al-Atassi, and as soon as he took office, he immediately purchased one hundred large (Lux) lamps and distributed them on the main streets of the city and at the crossroads. The light flooded those streets and removed the darkness from them, which reduced accidents. Looting and robbery created some safety during the city’s nights. The late Reda Safi mentioned that the owner of the Al-Droubi Café had preceded the municipality in using “luminaires” to illuminate his café and the plain in front of it (1) north of the old clock at the beginning of Hama Street, and from there the infection spread to the municipality.

" The heating :

The heating tool in the house was the manqil or kanoon, which was either rectangular or round, and the cheapest type was made of iron. The poor used to take a clay pot the size of a large plate, while the wealthy used to take copper pots, which were either yellow or white (tinted). Some of the clay or ash was placed at the bottom of the pot, then charcoal was placed on top of it and it was lit on the ground of the house. After the coal ignited, the pot went into the house, and often Working with coal at home has led to deaths due to suffocation by coal gas resulting from incomplete combustion. The poor were trying to turn the elite away from the burning embers of coal out of a desire to save money by consuming coal.

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the greenhouse leaked into the homes of the rich, and the first document referring to its use is dated (1317 AH = 1899 AD). The first flame in it was composed of wood chips and (shabir) the yellow B, which is what remains of the hay after it burns out. Then put the firewood, and some used coal first, then dispensed with it and used firewood due to its cheap price and availability in the local market.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the greenhouse began to spread little by little and did not replace the stove until after the end of World War II (1945 AD), when diesel heaters with cheap fuel became widespread.