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John Dalton

JOHN DALTON

1766 - 1844

Dalton, the British scientist who introduced the atomic theory in the early nineteenth century. It opened the way for tremendous scientific progress in chemistry since that era until now.

And if we seek accuracy. John Dalton was not the first person to suggest that all material bodies consist of a very large number of infinitesimal particles called (atoms); he was preceded by those observations by the ancient Greek philosopher Democritus (460-370 BC). This hypothesis was adopted by a philosopher Another is called (Epicurus), and the Roman writer Lucritus presented it in one of his poems (The Nature of Things). The theory of Democritus (which Aristotle did not accept) was neglected during the Middle Ages, and no scientist appeared to see the relationship between philosophical reflections on atoms and rigid chemical facts.

This is where Dalton entered • He presented a clear quantitative theory that can be used to interpret chemical experiments and can be tested accurately in the laboratory, although the terminology he used differs slightly from our terminology.

However, Dalto clearly expresses the concept of atoms, molecules, elements and chemical compounds. He has also explained that the total number of atoms in the world is very large. The types and formations of these atoms are somewhat limited and small in number (in his book he presented the names of twenty elements only, although at the present time the names of more than one hundred elements are known).

Although the different types of atoms differ in their atomic weights, Dalton insisted that any two atoms of the same type are identical in their natural properties, and this includes their mass as well. His book included a table listing the atomic weights of different types of atoms. This table was the first table of its kind and was the key to atomic theories that have emerged since then.

The same number of who Dalton also determined that any two parts of the same chemical compound consist of atoms (for example, each molecule of nitric oxide consists of two atoms of nitrogen and one atom of oxygen). It follows that any given chemical compound always contains the same and the same ratio by weight, and this is the “law of limited properties” that had been discovered by (Joseph Louis Proust) some time ago.

Dalton presented his theory convincingly, and therefore it was adopted by the majority of scientists within twenty years, and on top of that, the Kisawis ​​followed his program that he proposed in his book, and he decided the exact atomic weights. sweeping.

Dalton was born in 1766 in the village of Ecclesfield in the north of England.

He finished his official elementary school when he was eleven years old, and he acquired his knowledge and culture by himself in various sciences, as he was a precocious child. When he was twelve, he became a teacher. And he has. He remained throughout his life, whether in the service of education or as a private teacher. And when he became fifteen moved to the city of Kendal. At the age of twenty-six he moved to Manchester, where he lived until his death in 1844. And he never married.

Dalton was also interested in meteorology, and in 1787, when he was twenty-one, he wrote a book on this subject.

He was struck by a coincidence of colours. Therefore, this condition sparked the publication of a scientific paper on color blindness, which is the first paper written on this subject. Blinded by his interest, he studied this subject.