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Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte

1821 - 1769

The famous French general and emperor Napoleon I was born in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica in 1769 and his original name was Napoleon Bonaparte. France had seized Corsica fifteen months before his birth. Therefore, Napoleon considered the French as tyrants, so he sent Napoleon to military colleges in France, and when he graduated in 1785 at the age of sixteen, he became a lieutenant in the French army. Four years later, the French Revolution broke out, and within a few years the new French government was embroiled in wars with several foreign countries. Napoleon had the first opportunity to show himself in 1793 in the siege of the French city of Toulon, which the French recovered from the English who had occupied it. Napoleon was in charge of the heavy artillery. By this time he had abandoned his Corsican ideas and considered himself a French citizen. His victory at Toulon earned him a promotion to the rank of general, and in 1796 he was appointed commander of the French army in Italy. There he scored several dramatic victories between 1796-1797 and returned to Paris as a national hero.

In 1798, Napoleon led a French campaign to Egypt, but this campaign was a disaster. On land, the campaign was generally successful, but the British navy under the leadership of (Nelson) destroyed the French fleet. In 1799, Napoleon left his armies in Egypt and returned to France, where he found that the French were still They mention his victories in Italy more than his defeats in Egypt. Therefore, relying on this, he participated in a coup that produced a new government, which is the government of the consuls. Napoleon was the first consul. Although he adopted a new elaborate constitution, which was approved in a popular referendum, all of this was a mask for Napoleon's military dictatorship.

Napoleon's rise to power was incredibly rapid. In August 1793, before the siege of Toulon, Napoleon was an unknown junior officer, of non-French origin, but in less than 6 years, at the age of 30, he was the unchallenged ruler of France. During his rule over France, he made adjustments in the administrative system and in the legal system of France. He reformed the financial and judicial structure, established a bank and the University of France, and centralized administration in France. Although these changes had an impact in France itself, they had little effect in the rest of the world.

One of Napoleon's reforms, which was destined to have an impact outside France, is the Napoleonic Law. “This law embodied the ideals of the French Revolution. For example, there are no longer any privileges of origin, and people have become equal before the law.

Napoleon was deliberate in his policy by insisting that he be the protector of the French Revolution. Expand. So, in 1804, he declared himself emperor of France, then installed three of his brothers on the thrones of other European countries. These actions undoubtedly aroused the wrath and anger of many French Republicans who believed that Napoleon was a traitor to the principles of the French Revolution, but Napoleon's serious troubles resulted from his foreign wars.

In 1802 Napoleon signed a peace treaty with England at Amiens, and this treaty gave France a respite after wars that lasted about ten years, but in the following year, the treaty was broken, and a series of wars followed with England and its allies. Although the armies of France were always victorious on land, it was not possible to defeat England without defeating its fleet, and it is unfortunate for Napoleon that his fleet was broken in 1805 in the Battle of Trafalgar, and so on, although Napoleon's victories in the Battle of Au Streltz against the armies of Austria And Russia happened six weeks after the Battle of Trafalgar, but that did not make up for the naval disaster that befell it.

In 1808, Napoleon implicated France in a long and absurd war on the Iberian Peninsula, where the French armies sank into a quagmire in which they were unable to advance, but Napoleon's foolishness and his fatal mistake appeared in his campaign against Russia. In 1807, Napoleon had met with the Tsar and a priest On eternal friendship in the Treaty of Tlset, but this alliance was taken. In June 1812 Napoleon led his "great army" into Russia. The results were known, the Russian army avoided fierce battles with the French army, and thus Napoleon was able to advance quickly, and in the month of September he had occupied Moscow, but the Russians set fire to the city, and destroyed most of it by burning and after waiting five weeks in Moscow (in the disappointed hope that The Russians ask for peace), Napoleon decided to withdraw, but it was too late.

The Russian army, or the insufficient French Russian winter, was able to turn the withdrawal into a defeat, and only 10 of the great army returned. The European countries realized that their opportunity had come to remove the French yoke, so they all united against Napoleon in the Battle of Lieberg in 1813, when Napoleon's armies were crushed. In the following year, Napoleon resigned and was exiled to the island of Alba on the Italian coast.

But he escaped and returned to France in 1815, when the French welcomed him and he was restored to power, but other European countries immediately declared war on him. And after a hundred. On the day of his return to France, he met his last defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, and the English imprisoned him on a small island called St. Helena Island in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there of cancer in 1821.