الاسكندر الكبير .. كتاب المائة الأوائل

Alexander the Great

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

356 - 323 BC

Alexander the Great, the most famous conqueror in the ancient world, was born in 356 AD. The capital of Macedonia in Greece, and his father, King Philip II of Macedonia, was a man of great ability and foresight, and he expanded and reorganized the Macedonian army and turned it into a force of high stature, and used the army first to besiege some areas in the north of Greece, then he went south and conquered most of Greece itself. Then he created a union that included most of the Greek (city-states), and appointed himself its leader, and he was planning to invade the country when he was assassinated at the age of forty-six.

Alexander was only twenty years old at the time of his father's death, but he did not encounter any difficulty in ascending the throne because his father had prepared him for this position and he had gained considerable experience in military affairs, in addition to that his father did not neglect to educate his mind, for he was his teacher the philosopher The brilliant Aristotle The peoples of Greece and the conquered countries seized the opportunity of Philip's death to renounce the Macedonian yoke, but Alexander was able, in two years after ascending the throne, to conquer all his enemies, and after that he devoted himself to conquering Persia.

The Persian kings ruled a wide area stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to India. Persia was no longer at the height of its power, but it was still a stubborn opponent. , and with

Alexander led his armies to invade the Persian Empire in 334 BC. Since he was forced to keep part of his army at home to maintain his control over his European possessions, so the number of his soldiers was about 35 thousand when he began his advance, and his strength was small compared to the Persian armies. Despite the numerically unfavorable position of his armies, he was able to score a series of crushing victories over the Persian powers. There were three main reasons for this victory: First, the army left to him by his father was better trained and organized than the Persian army. Secondly, Alexander was a brilliant leader with talents and genius that may not have found time like him. As for the third reason, it was the courage of Alexander himself. Although he was able to direct the armies while he was behind the lines, he was leading his advanced armies himself, and this action was dangerous to his life. To expose himself to danger, this was the result of this "moral" definite success of his plans.

Alexander led his armies first through Asia Minor, conquering all the small armies stationed there, then moved to northern Syria, where he defeated the Persian army at «Isos», then headed south and besieged the Phoenician island of Tire for seven months, then conquered it, and while he was besieging the city of Tire, the mouse king came to him offering He has to give up half of his empire to Alexander in exchange for making a peace treaty. One of Alexander's commanders called "Parmeno" thought that this offer was appropriate and said: "I tend to accept this offer if I were Alexander." Alexander replied, "I also tend to accept it if I were Parmeno ».

Egypt heard from Alexander, and with the fall of Tyre, Alexander went to Gaza, which fell after a siege of only two months, and then surrendered. Without a fight, Alexander stopped there for a while to relieve his soldiers, and there, although he was still in the twenty-fourth year of age, he crowned Pharaoh and declared that he was a god, and then he led his armies back to Asia, where he fought the Persians in the decisive battle of Arabella 331 BC. perfect . Then he entered to Babylon where. The news of the assassination of King Darius III, King of the Persians, at the hands of one of his officers to prevent him from surrendering. Alexander was offended by this act, but he killed the successor of Darius III, and within three years he subdued "all of eastern Iran and rushed to Central Asia, where he won several victories, but his military teams that Exhausted by war and fighting, she refused to continue to advance, so Alexander returned reluctantly to Persia.

Alexander spent the odd year that remained for him in organizing his empire, and its organization was based on the Greek culture. The only valid for that era, and what else. barbaric cultures, but he came back and was convinced that the Persians have their own culture and they deserve respect, so he suggested creating a Greek-Persian culture and a kingdom. A Greek Persian controlled by himself.

And when he died of fever in the year 323 BC, he had not recommended a successor to him, and he was no more than thirty-three years old, and his empire was divided among his commanders.

Alexander is considered the greatest dramatic figure in history, and one of the most important results of his conquests was that he brought the Greek civilization and the Eastern civilization side by side, thus enriching the two civilizations, as the Greek culture spread rapidly in Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt.

Alexander founded more than 20 cities, the most important of which is Alexandria in Egypt, which has become one of the vanguard cities in the world and a center of science and culture.

The influence of Alexander in the world was greater than the influence of Napoleon and Hitler, so the author thought to put him before them in the classification of the hundred.