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Martin Luther

Mertin Luther

1483 - 1546

Martin Luther, whose defiance of the Catholic Church was the cornerstone of the Christian religious reform, was born in 1483 in the city of (Isleben) in Germany, and he received a good university culture and studied law at his father's wish. But he did not complete his legal studies, and instead chose to be an Augustinian monk, and in the year 1512 he obtained a doctorate in theology from the University of Wittenberg, and soon joined its faculty, and his criticisms of the church began to appear gradually. worldly, but the spark that caused his protest against the Church was the sale of the Church (indulgences).

In October 1517, Luther pasted on the door of the church in Wittenberg the (95) Remonstrances in which he denounced corruption and bribery in the church in the form of indulgences in particular, and then sent a copy. The ninety-five protests to the Archbishop of Mainz. In addition, the protests were printed and distributed to many in the region.

The scope of Luther's protest against the Church began to expand rapidly, and he soon began to deny the authority of the Pope and the general councils of the Church. See that it is only guided by the Bible and the pure and pure mind. It was not surprising that the church looked down upon his views and he was summoned to appear before the rulers in the church, but after an order was received to denounce his opinion publicly, he did not comply with the request of the church, so he declared that he was an infidel and outlaw in the Council of Worms in 1521 and that his books were forbidden.

The natural result of these provisions was that Luther be burned at the stake, but his views were widely supported by the masses of the people in Germany and among some German princes. Although Luther was forced to disappear for a year, the support and support he received in Germany was strong enough to make him able to survive any Serious criminal penalties by the Church.

Luther was a prolific author and many of his writings proved to be of great influence, and one of his great works was translating the Bible into German, which made any man able to read to read the Bible himself without relying on the church or clergy, as well. The translation of Luther and his sublime language had an impact on the German language and literature.

The greatest results of religious reform, of course, is the establishment of multiple Protestant religious sects: Protestantism is a branch of Christianity and is not one of the very large branches, but its followers outnumber the followers of Buddhism or any other religion.

The second result of the religious reform in Europe is the reckless religious wars that ravaged Europe. For example, in Germany, the Thirty Years' War took place, which lasted from 1618 to 1648. These wars were very bloody, and in addition to that, religious differences played a role. in Europe in the next few centuries.

But the Religious Reformation played a brilliant role in the intellectual life of Western Europe. Before the year 1517, there was only one officially recognized church, which was the Roman Catholic Church, and everyone who deviated from the church was punished for being an infidel, and such an atmosphere was not conducive or appropriate for independent thinking, and after religious reform and people’s acceptance of the principle of religious freedom, it became safer for people to think other topics on an ongoing basis as well. Luther hated the Jews terribly, and his stern writings against the Jews could have paved the way for the Hitler era in Germany in the twentieth century.