موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ٣_ل

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors.. Scientists in order according to their nickname.. The letter 3_L

⏹ Landsteiner, Karl, Landsteiner, Karl

Austrian-American pathologist and bacteriologist
(1943 - 1868).
Landsteiner learned an initial education and received some training in Vienna, then he learned in Chicago, and when he left his position as a pathologist in Vienna, he worked at the “Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, where he became a prominent professor.”
Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1930 for his discovery of groups or groups (categories) of human blood (A, B, Ab and Zero) in 1901.
In 1941, he discovered the “Rh factor” (relative to the Rhesus monkey on which experiments were conducted) in collaboration with the scientist Wiener, and this factor is symbolized by the Latin letters Rh. The “Rh” factor is important in blood serum and genetic characteristics.

⏹ Langley, John Newport
Langley, John Newport

English physiologist (1852-1925)
Langley was educated in Cambridge and then worked there after his graduation as a professor of physiology. • Langley edited the “Journal of Physiology”, (Journal of Physiology), as he owned this magazine, and Langley was chosen as a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Langley worked on the uses of the pilocarpine compound, which is extracted from the leaves of the Jaborandi plant (or pilocarpine, a type of Brazilian pepper) and causes increased salivation and sweating, and its use has become prohibited due to its danger to the heart. Langley conducted studies of the sympathetic nodal nervous system, and published the first part of his book The famous title: Autonomic Nervous System Pt.1.

⏹ Langley, Samuel Periont
Langley, Samuel Pierpont

American physicist and inventor (1834-1906)
Langley worked as an assistant at the Harvard College Observatory, then worked as a professor of physics and astronomy at the Allegheny Observatory, so he worked as the director of this observatory affiliated to Western University in Pennsylvania, and also held the position of Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Thermometers measure thermal differences (bolometer Allegheny) of one hundred millionths of a degree Celsius. Langley used this device to measure changes in the solar radiation constant and the selective absorption of thermal energy in the Earth's atmosphere.
Langley was able to expand the solar spectrum by three octaves (1881) by 5.3 microns (ie fifty-three thousand Angstrom) • Langley made a plane that flew for half an hour as it ran out of fuel. This was the first mechanical flight with a machine heavier than air. However, he failed to make a plane carrying a human being. As for his aforementioned plane, which is called Aerodrome » (meaning the airport), it is of one engine and preserved in the Washington National Museum.

⏹ Langmuir, Irving

American chemist (1881 - 1957)
Langmuir learned in Columbia and in Gettingen, and after he was engaged in many academic works, he stopped them to become involved in the General Electric Company. He won the Nobel Prize . Graduated from Chemistry in the year 1932 for his research in chemistry, and he is credited with the use of tungsten-barbed electric lamp surfaces filled with inert gas. Langmuir also used atomic hydrogen (molecules disintegrated into atoms when newly born) in welding.
He also invented a condensation pump (such as that using mercury vapor) to create a high vacuum. He participated with the scientist Lewis (Lewis) in developing an atomic theory.
Langmuir produced a vacuum tube for fluorescence images and devised a method for imaging viruses using a single layer of molecules.