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صنع الطباعة ..
إجراءات الطباعة العامة ..
GENERAL PRINTING PROCEDURES
You are now ready to start printing . The procedure you will follow in the next few steps depends upon whether you use a printing frame or printing box . We will illustrate the use of a printing frame here .
Place the frame face down , remove the back and take out the glass . If the glass is dirty , wash it with mild soap and water and dry with a soft lintless cloth , otherwise simply dust it carefully with the cloth . Do not rub the glass briskly or you will charge it with static electricity so it will attract more dust particles than you remove . If this happens , breathe on it gently - the moisture of your breath will dissipate the electric charge - and wipe it gently until no dust remains .
Replace the glass in the printing frame . In Figure 7 and the remaining illustrations of this series , we illustrate the making of a contact sheet , but in the explanation we will cover the making of an individual print as well , since there are some special considerations for each procedure . If a single print is to be made and the negative is smaller than the frame , place a mask over the negative . You can make a mask to fit your negative out of any tough opaque paper . First cut the paper to fit into the frame and then cut a rectangular opening in it slightly smaller than the picture area of your negative . Center the negative under the mask .
If you are making a contact sheet rather than a single print , cut up the roll of film into suitably sized strips . This would be three negatives per strip in a 24 x 2½ size , and six negatives per strip for a 35mm film . Line up the negatives in the printing frame , as shown in Figure 7. Looked at from the back of the printing frame , the emulsion ( dull ) side should be up .
Figure 7 Place negative strips in the printing frame with the emulsion side up .
Switch off the white light and turn on the safelight . You can now safely open the package of paper . Most anufacturers label the package to tell you which end to open . Be sure to follow directions to the letter , or you may tear the outer container so it will no longer be light tight . Remove one sheet and replace the others so they will not be spoiled when you turn on the white light to make the print . Place the paper - emulsion side down - over the negative . Figure 8 .
Figure 8 Place contact printing paper in the printing frame with the emulsion side down .
Figure 9 Center the light over the printing frame . Make the exposure , timing it as accurately as possible .
You might as well note this point here - in all cases of printing , except for some very special effects , the two emulsions are always face to face . This holds true whether the print is made by contact or by projection .
If you are making a contact print from a small negative and the sheet of printing paper is smaller than the printing frame , take care to center the paper over the negative carefully so you will get even margins on all four sides . The emulsion side of the paper is usually glossy and has a slight inward curl . Close the printing frame and place it lass side under the printing ligh Figure 9. You are now ready to make the first trial exposure . Be sure that the lamp itself is far enough away from the negatives to provide even illumination over the entire sheet . This means that the light should be accurately centered over the printing frame and at least 12 to 14 inches away from it for an 8 x 10 print .
The correct exposure depends upon the density of the negative , the speed of the paper and the strength of the printing light . Since you don't know at least two of these three factors , your first exposure must necessarily be a guess . As a starter , try 10 seconds for an average negative at 12 inches from a 100 watt lamp in a metal reflector .
Watch the clock , and when the sweep second hand reaches an even division so you can time exposure more accurately , switch on the white light . Exactly 10 seconds later , switch it off and remove the exposed paper .
صنع الطباعة ..
إجراءات الطباعة العامة ..
GENERAL PRINTING PROCEDURES
You are now ready to start printing . The procedure you will follow in the next few steps depends upon whether you use a printing frame or printing box . We will illustrate the use of a printing frame here .
Place the frame face down , remove the back and take out the glass . If the glass is dirty , wash it with mild soap and water and dry with a soft lintless cloth , otherwise simply dust it carefully with the cloth . Do not rub the glass briskly or you will charge it with static electricity so it will attract more dust particles than you remove . If this happens , breathe on it gently - the moisture of your breath will dissipate the electric charge - and wipe it gently until no dust remains .
Replace the glass in the printing frame . In Figure 7 and the remaining illustrations of this series , we illustrate the making of a contact sheet , but in the explanation we will cover the making of an individual print as well , since there are some special considerations for each procedure . If a single print is to be made and the negative is smaller than the frame , place a mask over the negative . You can make a mask to fit your negative out of any tough opaque paper . First cut the paper to fit into the frame and then cut a rectangular opening in it slightly smaller than the picture area of your negative . Center the negative under the mask .
If you are making a contact sheet rather than a single print , cut up the roll of film into suitably sized strips . This would be three negatives per strip in a 24 x 2½ size , and six negatives per strip for a 35mm film . Line up the negatives in the printing frame , as shown in Figure 7. Looked at from the back of the printing frame , the emulsion ( dull ) side should be up .
Figure 7 Place negative strips in the printing frame with the emulsion side up .
Switch off the white light and turn on the safelight . You can now safely open the package of paper . Most anufacturers label the package to tell you which end to open . Be sure to follow directions to the letter , or you may tear the outer container so it will no longer be light tight . Remove one sheet and replace the others so they will not be spoiled when you turn on the white light to make the print . Place the paper - emulsion side down - over the negative . Figure 8 .
Figure 8 Place contact printing paper in the printing frame with the emulsion side down .
Figure 9 Center the light over the printing frame . Make the exposure , timing it as accurately as possible .
You might as well note this point here - in all cases of printing , except for some very special effects , the two emulsions are always face to face . This holds true whether the print is made by contact or by projection .
If you are making a contact print from a small negative and the sheet of printing paper is smaller than the printing frame , take care to center the paper over the negative carefully so you will get even margins on all four sides . The emulsion side of the paper is usually glossy and has a slight inward curl . Close the printing frame and place it lass side under the printing ligh Figure 9. You are now ready to make the first trial exposure . Be sure that the lamp itself is far enough away from the negatives to provide even illumination over the entire sheet . This means that the light should be accurately centered over the printing frame and at least 12 to 14 inches away from it for an 8 x 10 print .
The correct exposure depends upon the density of the negative , the speed of the paper and the strength of the printing light . Since you don't know at least two of these three factors , your first exposure must necessarily be a guess . As a starter , try 10 seconds for an average negative at 12 inches from a 100 watt lamp in a metal reflector .
Watch the clock , and when the sweep second hand reaches an even division so you can time exposure more accurately , switch on the white light . Exactly 10 seconds later , switch it off and remove the exposed paper .
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