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التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
صنع الطباعة ..
MAKING THE PRINT
The photographic print is or should be the final culmination of all the photographer's skill and effort . All the time , trouble and expense the pho rapher puts into making a picture is wasted unless the print succeeds in showing what he or his client had in mind . It is only of incidental importance whether the negative is good , bad or indifferent , whether the negative was large or small , whether the camera was a single lens reflex , a twin - lens reflex , or a view camera the final print , and only the final print , is what counts . That is why printing is so important to the photographer .
Under ideal circumstances , the print should be a faithful and accurate reproduction of the negative , except in the matter of size and in the reversal of light values . In actual practice , this is often far from being the case , particularly in the hands of an expert printer . Making the print gives the photographer a final opportunity to correct , to change or to modify anything in the negative which isn't quite right or which didn't quite succeed in telling the story the photographer had in mind . The mood may be altered by proper printing technique . Disturbing elements which could not be controlled by the photographer at the time the negative was shot can be subdued or even eliminated . altogether . The lighting may be improved by making some areas darker and others lighter than they appeared in the original subject - in fact , quite a number of things can be done to get over an idea which the photographer didn't quite succeed in getting into the negative . In a very real sense , making the print gives the photographer a chance at second guessing his picture .
Photographic prints are made by two different basic methods : by contact and by projection . In a contact print , the negative and printing paper are placed in contact with each other ( hence the name contact ) and light is permitted to reach the sensitive paper through the negative . A contact print is , therefore , the same size as the negative . Not too long ago , the commercial photographer almost always made his exposures on 8 x 10 film , and the contact print was , therefore , the final product , since commercial prints are almost invariably made to a standard 8 x 10 - inch size . Today a good many photographers seldom use 8 x 10
cameras . Instead , the cameras range from 35mm to 4 x 5 , with an occasional 5 x 7 studio or view camera . The final print is , therefore , made from such small negatives by projection , and in the process enlarged to the standard 8 x 10 - inch size , or larger if desired . That is why projection prints are generally called enlargements .
Today contact prints are generally used as proof prints or preliminary prints from which the client or customer selects the particular view or exposure that shows the subject best , and the corresponding negative is then enlarged . In the process , it can be cropped , its proportions changed , or the effect modified in any one of a number of ways .
In this Assignment , we will discuss first the making of contact prints from such small negatives and then the making of enlargements . In the next Assignment we will discuss in some detail methods which are commonly used by the expert printer for the control and improvement of the enlargement .
صنع الطباعة ..
MAKING THE PRINT
The photographic print is or should be the final culmination of all the photographer's skill and effort . All the time , trouble and expense the pho rapher puts into making a picture is wasted unless the print succeeds in showing what he or his client had in mind . It is only of incidental importance whether the negative is good , bad or indifferent , whether the negative was large or small , whether the camera was a single lens reflex , a twin - lens reflex , or a view camera the final print , and only the final print , is what counts . That is why printing is so important to the photographer .
Under ideal circumstances , the print should be a faithful and accurate reproduction of the negative , except in the matter of size and in the reversal of light values . In actual practice , this is often far from being the case , particularly in the hands of an expert printer . Making the print gives the photographer a final opportunity to correct , to change or to modify anything in the negative which isn't quite right or which didn't quite succeed in telling the story the photographer had in mind . The mood may be altered by proper printing technique . Disturbing elements which could not be controlled by the photographer at the time the negative was shot can be subdued or even eliminated . altogether . The lighting may be improved by making some areas darker and others lighter than they appeared in the original subject - in fact , quite a number of things can be done to get over an idea which the photographer didn't quite succeed in getting into the negative . In a very real sense , making the print gives the photographer a chance at second guessing his picture .
Photographic prints are made by two different basic methods : by contact and by projection . In a contact print , the negative and printing paper are placed in contact with each other ( hence the name contact ) and light is permitted to reach the sensitive paper through the negative . A contact print is , therefore , the same size as the negative . Not too long ago , the commercial photographer almost always made his exposures on 8 x 10 film , and the contact print was , therefore , the final product , since commercial prints are almost invariably made to a standard 8 x 10 - inch size . Today a good many photographers seldom use 8 x 10
cameras . Instead , the cameras range from 35mm to 4 x 5 , with an occasional 5 x 7 studio or view camera . The final print is , therefore , made from such small negatives by projection , and in the process enlarged to the standard 8 x 10 - inch size , or larger if desired . That is why projection prints are generally called enlargements .
Today contact prints are generally used as proof prints or preliminary prints from which the client or customer selects the particular view or exposure that shows the subject best , and the corresponding negative is then enlarged . In the process , it can be cropped , its proportions changed , or the effect modified in any one of a number of ways .
In this Assignment , we will discuss first the making of contact prints from such small negatives and then the making of enlargements . In the next Assignment we will discuss in some detail methods which are commonly used by the expert printer for the control and improvement of the enlargement .
تعليق