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تعرف على أنواع الكاميرات القياسية ..
كاميرات 35 مم ..
STANDARD TYPES OF CAMERAS
Everyone who uses a camera does so for a specific purpose . The parents who want snapshots of their children , the serious amateur who wants to experiment with various photographic techniques , and the professional who uses his camera for his livelihood - all take pictures for different purposes . Their photography is often done under widely different conditions . As a result , they will use different types of cameras .
One of the things you will learn is that there is no one best camera . Anyone who goes in for photography seriously , either as an amateur or a professional , will soon own more than one camera . Then when he has some pictures to take , he will choose the camera best suited for the job , or the one he likes best for a reason only he can explain .
Personal preference is always a very important factor in choosing the right camera . Some photographers like press type cameras - others prefer 35mm single lens reflex cameras even for black - and - white pictures - still others prefer the larger 24 x 24 size . Some don't mind carrying a tripod and a gadget bag full of special lenses and accessories - others wouldn't be bothered .
Although most advanced amateurs and certainly all professionals have more than one camera , it isn't at all necessary to have an assortment of cameras , or even an expensive one , to learn photography . Basically , all the standard cameras work in much the same way . When properly handled , all of them are capable of taking excellent pictures . You can certainly use the camera you now have and buy additional equipment later as you find use for it .
In this Assignment we will discuss only those cameras which are likely to be used by the serious amateur or the professional . We will not consider the elementary box - type camera , since it is pretty well understood by most students . We will discuss briefly some of the special - purpose cameras which are used by the professional , commercial , and industrial photographers in some highly specialized fields .
35MM CAMERAS
The 35mm camera gets its name from the size of the film it uses . The film is 35 millimeters ( approximately 1-3 / 8 inches ) wide . This is the total width - the actual picture area is 24mm x 36mm which comes to a trifle under 1 x 1½ inches . A wide variety of lenses is available for 35mm cameras , thus making them by far the most versatile of all cameras .
The 35mm camera dates back to 1923. There were a number of earlier small cameras before that date , but they were all so highly specialized or so crudely designed that none of them attained any degree of popularity . It wasn't until the Leica was introduced in 1923 that the 35mm camera came into its own .
This was truly a precision instrument . Its high quality lens produced such sharp images that its small negatives could be enlarged to almost any required size without too serious a loss of picture quality . The demand for this camera became so great that within a relatively short time it was one of the most popular cameras on the market for the serious worker .
The 35mm camera can be classed in two general types : the rangefinder viewfinder type with either rangefinder or scale focusing , and the single lens reflex .
RANGEFINDER - 35MM CAMERA . In this camera , the rangefinder is built into the camera ( Figure 13 ) . It is coupled to the focusing adjustment so that in setting the rangefinder for the correct distance , you also focus the camera lens .
This type of 35mm camera has two rather important disadvantages for some applications . The most obvious is that its viewfinder image is small , particularly with telephoto lenses . For many people it is difficult to compose the picture accurately . It is also difficult to judge fine detail in the field of view . For many uses , this may not be important .
Auxiliary viewfinders have been developed which can be clipped to the camera body to provide more accurate viewing . This is particularly helpful when you are using telephoto lenses with their very small field of view .
The second disadvantage of the rangefinder 35mm camera is that the viewfinder lens and the camera lens are not in the same place . As a result , they see slightly different picture areas . This difference of view is called parallax . Ordinarily , parallax is quite small and its effect can be ignored . But when you are photographing subjects which are quite close to the camera , the difference may be very important . A head may be cut off or the last person in a line of subjects may be cut in two . ( Figures 14 and 15 )
Figure 13 A 35mm camera using a highly accurate rangefinder which is coupled to the lens focusing mount .
Figure 14 Parallax may result in cutting off important portions of picture area for close - up : subjects .
Figure 15 Parallax is caused by a difference in view between camera lens and viewfinder lens due to their different locations on the camera . The effect of parallax , when shooting distant subjects , is negligible .
SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA . The single lens reflex camera solves both of the problems mentioned above . Figure 16 shows a typical 35mm single lens reflex ( often referred to as SLR ) . Figure 17 is a cut - away view of this single lens reflex camera . The light enters the camera lens from the left , as indicated by the line . It is then reflected upwards by a mirror , and then toward the back of the camera by a special type of prism called a pentaprism . Thus , in viewing , the photographer sees the image through the camera lens . In some cameras , full - size images may result . In others it is nearly full - size . In any case the image considerably larger . than one seen through the ordinary viewfinder . There is no parallax problem , and the image is large enough for accurate composing and focusing . When the exposure button is pressed , the mirror swings up out of the way and a focal plane shutter makes the exposure .
Figure 16 Typical 35mm single lens reflex camera .
Figure 17 Cut - away view of single lens reflex camera showing how light passes through lens , is reflected by mirror , and internally reflected by pentaprism to produce an upright image .
Although most single - lens reflex cameras use 35mm film , there are some outstanding cameras in this field which take 24 x 24 inch pictures . One of these is illustrated in Figure 18. Because of the larger size , no pentaprism is used for viewing the image . Instead , the image is reflected onto a viewing screen at the top of the camera . For viewing , the camera must be held at waist level , as in the twin lens reflex camera to be described next . An accessory prism is available for eye - level viewing .
Figure 18 A high quality 24 x 244 single lens reflex camera .
Figure 19 A precision twin lens reflex camera .
تعرف على أنواع الكاميرات القياسية ..
كاميرات 35 مم ..
STANDARD TYPES OF CAMERAS
Everyone who uses a camera does so for a specific purpose . The parents who want snapshots of their children , the serious amateur who wants to experiment with various photographic techniques , and the professional who uses his camera for his livelihood - all take pictures for different purposes . Their photography is often done under widely different conditions . As a result , they will use different types of cameras .
One of the things you will learn is that there is no one best camera . Anyone who goes in for photography seriously , either as an amateur or a professional , will soon own more than one camera . Then when he has some pictures to take , he will choose the camera best suited for the job , or the one he likes best for a reason only he can explain .
Personal preference is always a very important factor in choosing the right camera . Some photographers like press type cameras - others prefer 35mm single lens reflex cameras even for black - and - white pictures - still others prefer the larger 24 x 24 size . Some don't mind carrying a tripod and a gadget bag full of special lenses and accessories - others wouldn't be bothered .
Although most advanced amateurs and certainly all professionals have more than one camera , it isn't at all necessary to have an assortment of cameras , or even an expensive one , to learn photography . Basically , all the standard cameras work in much the same way . When properly handled , all of them are capable of taking excellent pictures . You can certainly use the camera you now have and buy additional equipment later as you find use for it .
In this Assignment we will discuss only those cameras which are likely to be used by the serious amateur or the professional . We will not consider the elementary box - type camera , since it is pretty well understood by most students . We will discuss briefly some of the special - purpose cameras which are used by the professional , commercial , and industrial photographers in some highly specialized fields .
35MM CAMERAS
The 35mm camera gets its name from the size of the film it uses . The film is 35 millimeters ( approximately 1-3 / 8 inches ) wide . This is the total width - the actual picture area is 24mm x 36mm which comes to a trifle under 1 x 1½ inches . A wide variety of lenses is available for 35mm cameras , thus making them by far the most versatile of all cameras .
The 35mm camera dates back to 1923. There were a number of earlier small cameras before that date , but they were all so highly specialized or so crudely designed that none of them attained any degree of popularity . It wasn't until the Leica was introduced in 1923 that the 35mm camera came into its own .
This was truly a precision instrument . Its high quality lens produced such sharp images that its small negatives could be enlarged to almost any required size without too serious a loss of picture quality . The demand for this camera became so great that within a relatively short time it was one of the most popular cameras on the market for the serious worker .
The 35mm camera can be classed in two general types : the rangefinder viewfinder type with either rangefinder or scale focusing , and the single lens reflex .
RANGEFINDER - 35MM CAMERA . In this camera , the rangefinder is built into the camera ( Figure 13 ) . It is coupled to the focusing adjustment so that in setting the rangefinder for the correct distance , you also focus the camera lens .
This type of 35mm camera has two rather important disadvantages for some applications . The most obvious is that its viewfinder image is small , particularly with telephoto lenses . For many people it is difficult to compose the picture accurately . It is also difficult to judge fine detail in the field of view . For many uses , this may not be important .
Auxiliary viewfinders have been developed which can be clipped to the camera body to provide more accurate viewing . This is particularly helpful when you are using telephoto lenses with their very small field of view .
The second disadvantage of the rangefinder 35mm camera is that the viewfinder lens and the camera lens are not in the same place . As a result , they see slightly different picture areas . This difference of view is called parallax . Ordinarily , parallax is quite small and its effect can be ignored . But when you are photographing subjects which are quite close to the camera , the difference may be very important . A head may be cut off or the last person in a line of subjects may be cut in two . ( Figures 14 and 15 )
Figure 13 A 35mm camera using a highly accurate rangefinder which is coupled to the lens focusing mount .
Figure 14 Parallax may result in cutting off important portions of picture area for close - up : subjects .
Figure 15 Parallax is caused by a difference in view between camera lens and viewfinder lens due to their different locations on the camera . The effect of parallax , when shooting distant subjects , is negligible .
SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA . The single lens reflex camera solves both of the problems mentioned above . Figure 16 shows a typical 35mm single lens reflex ( often referred to as SLR ) . Figure 17 is a cut - away view of this single lens reflex camera . The light enters the camera lens from the left , as indicated by the line . It is then reflected upwards by a mirror , and then toward the back of the camera by a special type of prism called a pentaprism . Thus , in viewing , the photographer sees the image through the camera lens . In some cameras , full - size images may result . In others it is nearly full - size . In any case the image considerably larger . than one seen through the ordinary viewfinder . There is no parallax problem , and the image is large enough for accurate composing and focusing . When the exposure button is pressed , the mirror swings up out of the way and a focal plane shutter makes the exposure .
Figure 16 Typical 35mm single lens reflex camera .
Figure 17 Cut - away view of single lens reflex camera showing how light passes through lens , is reflected by mirror , and internally reflected by pentaprism to produce an upright image .
Although most single - lens reflex cameras use 35mm film , there are some outstanding cameras in this field which take 24 x 24 inch pictures . One of these is illustrated in Figure 18. Because of the larger size , no pentaprism is used for viewing the image . Instead , the image is reflected onto a viewing screen at the top of the camera . For viewing , the camera must be held at waist level , as in the twin lens reflex camera to be described next . An accessory prism is available for eye - level viewing .
Figure 18 A high quality 24 x 244 single lens reflex camera .
Figure 19 A precision twin lens reflex camera .
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