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YOUR CAMERA
Reduced to its simplest essentials , a camera is nothing more than a light - tight box with a lens at one end to project an image , and a device at the other end to hold light - sensitive material , such as film , on which the image falls . You can make a camera yourself out of nothing more than a cigar box , by substituting for the lens a small piece of thin brass or aluminum with a fine needle hole in it . Such cameras have been used to take excellent pictures bright sunlight course , they are not much good for the general run of picture making .
WHICH CAMERA IS BEST ?
The complications you will find in any camera you buy arise from the need of taking pictures under all sorts of conditions and for all sorts of purposes . The press photographer , the amateur , the commercial photographer , and the aerial photographer will take different types of pictures under different conditions so they need different cameras , each of which has been designed to do a particular job best . One of the first things you must learn about cameras is that there isn't any one best camera . Anybody who goes in for photography seriously , either as an amateur or a professional , generally has more than one camera and uses the one that is best suited for the job he has to do .
The matter of personal opinion is also very important in choosing the right camera for any job . Some people like reflex cameras - others don't . Some people don't mind carrying a tripod and a heavy camera case - others refuse to be loaded down by heavy equipment and carry nothing but the lightest and most compact camera they can get .
Although most advanced amateurs and professional photographers have . more than one camera so they can use the one that is best suited for the job , it isn't at all necessary to have an assortment of cameras , or even an expensive one , to learn photography . Basically , all the standard cameras work about the same way , and they are all capable of taking excellent pictures . You can continue using the camera you have until you are sufficiently advanced to buy more elaborate equipment .
THE INSTRUCTION BOOK
Have you been using your camera for some time ? Do you feel pretty well acquainted with it ? If your answer to these two questions is yes , let us ask one more - have you carefully read every page of the instruction book that came with the camera ?
If you have , you're exceptional . If you haven't , by all means do so and , of course , if you are working with a camera that's brand new to you , reading the instruction booklet carefully from cover to cover is a must .
If you no longer have your instruction book , write to the manufacturer for another , making sure that you give him the full name , model and serial number of your camera . Manufacturers often make important changes in their cameras . without changing the model number or model designation , so you must mention . the serial number of your camera or you may get the wrong instruction book . A great deal of money has been spent preparing such a book . You might as well take advantage of it . No two cameras work exactly alike . Your instruction book is certain to contain some very valuable information you cannot get in any other way .
GETTING ACQUAINTED
Examine and check off every part of your camera - every knob , every lever , and every adjustment . Be sure you know exactly what each is for , what it does and how to use it . If you are in doubt , read your instruction book again . If you . are still confused , ask your dealer or write to the manufacturer for an explanation . Many an inexperienced photographer has used a camera for years without knowing many of its capabilities . As a result , pictures that could have been tops were only second rate . A few minutes of review will help make you a much better photographer and save you a lot of money .
THE SHUTTER . You will find a series of numbers around the shutter dial or lens . barrel which indicate shutter speed . These usually start with the letter T ( for time ) followed by the numbers 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 and so on up to 500 or 1000 .
The letter T stands for time exposure . The number 1 stands for 1 second , the number 2 stands for 1/2 second , the number 5 stands for 1/5 second and so on . In some cameras , particularly those using between - the - lens shutters , the shutter may have the letter B after the T or instead of the T. The B stands for bulb exposure ( We will explain this in a moment . )
Remove or open the camera back as if you were going to load it with film .. Open the diaphragm wide by turning the lens aperture indicator to the smallest f / -number . Set the shutter speed indicator at T , point the camera towards the sky . or any bright wall , press the shutter release and hold it down while looking through the lens . Note how the shutter opens and remains open until you release the exposure button . If the shutter has both the T and B settings , and the shutter is set at T , it will remain open even if you release the exposure button until you press it a second time . Next , try a few instantaneous or snapshot exposures , one after another , so you will get some idea of how the shutter works . You may be surprised at the small quantity of light you need to make a picture .
When the shutter is open so you can see the lens diaphragm , note what happens when you set the lens to the smaller lens openings ( large f / -numbers ) . Note : In some automatic or semi - automatic cameras , the lens diaphragm is wide open until the exposure release is pressed . It then closes down while the exposure is made and then opens again . With a camera of this kind , you cannot see the action of the diaphragm unless it is provided with some means of closing down the diaphragm manually . This action will be discussed more fully in Assignment 2 . Assignment 2 , covering lenses and lens stops , will take on added meaning if you try out all the statements made about the f / -system with your own camera . You will see how opening or closing the diaphragm actually affects the light entering the camera . Be sure you have a general understanding of how your shutter works and what lever or control to move to select various shutter speeds . The relation between shutter speed and lens opening is a very important one . It is explained in Assignments 2 and 3 , so study those Assignments carefully when you come to them . Even some of the most experienced photographers are not entirely clear about this important relationship .
THE LENS . The lens and the variable diaphragm that determine the lens opening are key parts of your camera . Examine them carefully . If your camera has a means for focusing the lens , you will likely find the f / -numbers engraved on the lens or shutter . The numbers indicate the lens openings ( also called the lens stops or lens apertures ) . If your camera lens uses the standard f / -system of lens stops , the numbers will look something like this : f / -1.4 , 2 , 2.8 , 4 , 5.6 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 22 .
If it is marked according to the Exposure Value System ( EVS ) , also called the Light Value System ( LVS ) , the numbers will look something like this : 3 , 4 , 5 , , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , etc.
The meaning of these numbers will be explained in Assignment 2. Their application to your particular camera will be given in your camera instruction book . Study both carefully . Don't just read the instructions and assume you know all about lens stops . There is far too much to grasp in just one single reading .
FOCUSING . If your camera lens can be focused , you will also find another set of figures engraved around the front of it . These indicate the distance in feet at which your lens will bring objects into sharp focus .
On the typical camera , these numbers look something like this : 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 25 , 50. The last symbol ,, is the symbol for infinity and indicates the correct focus for distant objects .
Some cameras produced in other countries for sale in the United States have two sets of calibrations for distance , one in feet , the other in meters . A meter is approximately 40 inches , which is slightly longer than a yard . Some cameras permit focusing to very short distances , and in such cameras the focusing scale is generally in feet for the longer distances and in inches for the shorter distances . To avoid confusing meters , feet and inches , the numbers are usually in different colors .
If your camera is equipped with a rangefinder or viewfinder which allows you to see your subject as it is brought in and out of focus , practice focusing on a variety of subjects . Choose some near - by subjects and some that are far away .
تعرف على الكاميرا الخاصة بك
أي كاميرا هي الأفضل؟
YOUR CAMERA
Reduced to its simplest essentials , a camera is nothing more than a light - tight box with a lens at one end to project an image , and a device at the other end to hold light - sensitive material , such as film , on which the image falls . You can make a camera yourself out of nothing more than a cigar box , by substituting for the lens a small piece of thin brass or aluminum with a fine needle hole in it . Such cameras have been used to take excellent pictures bright sunlight course , they are not much good for the general run of picture making .
WHICH CAMERA IS BEST ?
The complications you will find in any camera you buy arise from the need of taking pictures under all sorts of conditions and for all sorts of purposes . The press photographer , the amateur , the commercial photographer , and the aerial photographer will take different types of pictures under different conditions so they need different cameras , each of which has been designed to do a particular job best . One of the first things you must learn about cameras is that there isn't any one best camera . Anybody who goes in for photography seriously , either as an amateur or a professional , generally has more than one camera and uses the one that is best suited for the job he has to do .
The matter of personal opinion is also very important in choosing the right camera for any job . Some people like reflex cameras - others don't . Some people don't mind carrying a tripod and a heavy camera case - others refuse to be loaded down by heavy equipment and carry nothing but the lightest and most compact camera they can get .
Although most advanced amateurs and professional photographers have . more than one camera so they can use the one that is best suited for the job , it isn't at all necessary to have an assortment of cameras , or even an expensive one , to learn photography . Basically , all the standard cameras work about the same way , and they are all capable of taking excellent pictures . You can continue using the camera you have until you are sufficiently advanced to buy more elaborate equipment .
THE INSTRUCTION BOOK
Have you been using your camera for some time ? Do you feel pretty well acquainted with it ? If your answer to these two questions is yes , let us ask one more - have you carefully read every page of the instruction book that came with the camera ?
If you have , you're exceptional . If you haven't , by all means do so and , of course , if you are working with a camera that's brand new to you , reading the instruction booklet carefully from cover to cover is a must .
If you no longer have your instruction book , write to the manufacturer for another , making sure that you give him the full name , model and serial number of your camera . Manufacturers often make important changes in their cameras . without changing the model number or model designation , so you must mention . the serial number of your camera or you may get the wrong instruction book . A great deal of money has been spent preparing such a book . You might as well take advantage of it . No two cameras work exactly alike . Your instruction book is certain to contain some very valuable information you cannot get in any other way .
GETTING ACQUAINTED
Examine and check off every part of your camera - every knob , every lever , and every adjustment . Be sure you know exactly what each is for , what it does and how to use it . If you are in doubt , read your instruction book again . If you . are still confused , ask your dealer or write to the manufacturer for an explanation . Many an inexperienced photographer has used a camera for years without knowing many of its capabilities . As a result , pictures that could have been tops were only second rate . A few minutes of review will help make you a much better photographer and save you a lot of money .
THE SHUTTER . You will find a series of numbers around the shutter dial or lens . barrel which indicate shutter speed . These usually start with the letter T ( for time ) followed by the numbers 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 and so on up to 500 or 1000 .
The letter T stands for time exposure . The number 1 stands for 1 second , the number 2 stands for 1/2 second , the number 5 stands for 1/5 second and so on . In some cameras , particularly those using between - the - lens shutters , the shutter may have the letter B after the T or instead of the T. The B stands for bulb exposure ( We will explain this in a moment . )
Remove or open the camera back as if you were going to load it with film .. Open the diaphragm wide by turning the lens aperture indicator to the smallest f / -number . Set the shutter speed indicator at T , point the camera towards the sky . or any bright wall , press the shutter release and hold it down while looking through the lens . Note how the shutter opens and remains open until you release the exposure button . If the shutter has both the T and B settings , and the shutter is set at T , it will remain open even if you release the exposure button until you press it a second time . Next , try a few instantaneous or snapshot exposures , one after another , so you will get some idea of how the shutter works . You may be surprised at the small quantity of light you need to make a picture .
When the shutter is open so you can see the lens diaphragm , note what happens when you set the lens to the smaller lens openings ( large f / -numbers ) . Note : In some automatic or semi - automatic cameras , the lens diaphragm is wide open until the exposure release is pressed . It then closes down while the exposure is made and then opens again . With a camera of this kind , you cannot see the action of the diaphragm unless it is provided with some means of closing down the diaphragm manually . This action will be discussed more fully in Assignment 2 . Assignment 2 , covering lenses and lens stops , will take on added meaning if you try out all the statements made about the f / -system with your own camera . You will see how opening or closing the diaphragm actually affects the light entering the camera . Be sure you have a general understanding of how your shutter works and what lever or control to move to select various shutter speeds . The relation between shutter speed and lens opening is a very important one . It is explained in Assignments 2 and 3 , so study those Assignments carefully when you come to them . Even some of the most experienced photographers are not entirely clear about this important relationship .
THE LENS . The lens and the variable diaphragm that determine the lens opening are key parts of your camera . Examine them carefully . If your camera has a means for focusing the lens , you will likely find the f / -numbers engraved on the lens or shutter . The numbers indicate the lens openings ( also called the lens stops or lens apertures ) . If your camera lens uses the standard f / -system of lens stops , the numbers will look something like this : f / -1.4 , 2 , 2.8 , 4 , 5.6 , 8 , 11 , 16 , 22 .
If it is marked according to the Exposure Value System ( EVS ) , also called the Light Value System ( LVS ) , the numbers will look something like this : 3 , 4 , 5 , , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , etc.
The meaning of these numbers will be explained in Assignment 2. Their application to your particular camera will be given in your camera instruction book . Study both carefully . Don't just read the instructions and assume you know all about lens stops . There is far too much to grasp in just one single reading .
FOCUSING . If your camera lens can be focused , you will also find another set of figures engraved around the front of it . These indicate the distance in feet at which your lens will bring objects into sharp focus .
On the typical camera , these numbers look something like this : 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 25 , 50. The last symbol ,, is the symbol for infinity and indicates the correct focus for distant objects .
Some cameras produced in other countries for sale in the United States have two sets of calibrations for distance , one in feet , the other in meters . A meter is approximately 40 inches , which is slightly longer than a yard . Some cameras permit focusing to very short distances , and in such cameras the focusing scale is generally in feet for the longer distances and in inches for the shorter distances . To avoid confusing meters , feet and inches , the numbers are usually in different colors .
If your camera is equipped with a rangefinder or viewfinder which allows you to see your subject as it is brought in and out of focus , practice focusing on a variety of subjects . Choose some near - by subjects and some that are far away .
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