تويت
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث .. المقدمة .. المحتويات
CONTENTS
Volume I
Introduction : Welcome to Modern Photography
Assignment 1 : Getting Acquainted
The history of photography - The essentials of a camera - Getting acquainted with your camera - Getting your camera ready to take pictures - Standard types of cameras - Special purpose cameras .
Assignment 2 : The Lens and Your Pictures
Importance of the lens - Lens correction for better pictures Coated lenses - Lens properties : focal length , speed , depth of field - What lens stop to use to : regulate exposure , increase depth of field , increase overall sharpness , obtain selective focus - Lens effects due to camera placement - Special purpose lenses - What lenses to buy - Types of shutters - What shutter speed to use .
Assignment 3 : Determining Correct Exposure
Successful exposure - Range of exposure - Factors which govern exposure Exposure tables - Types of exposure meters - Methods of using the exposure meter - Exposures for unusual conditions Special types of exposure meters - Films for black - and - white photography : how the emulsion works ; film characteristics , speed , color sensitivity and other photographic properties ; types of film - Storage of photographic materials
Assignment 4 : Developing the Negative
The exposed film - Developing equipment - How to handle and develop roll and sheet film - Fine points in processing film : the developer , the stop bath , the fixing bath , washing and drying the film - How to judge a negative - Effect of exposure and develop ment on negative quality - Inspecting a negative - Summary of the effect of exposure and development on density and contrast .
Assignment 5 : The Darkroom and Darkroom Equipment
Darkroom location - Darkroom layout : entrance , ventilation , en larger and developer benches , processing sinks , shelves for storage , lighting , safelights - Electrical wiring - Equipmert needed - Planning the commercial darkroom .
Assignment 6 : Making the Print
Making the contact print - The contact print as a proof print Getting your equipment ready - General printing procedures : developing , fixing and washing the print - Making the enlarged print - More about enlarging papers - Finishing the print .
CONTENTS
Volume II
Assignment 7 : Advanced Printing Techniques
Control in contact printing - Dodging with the printing box Printing control with the enlarger - Projection systems - Illumi nation systems : diffusion enlarger , condenser enlarger , focal length of projection lens - Negative illumination and print quality Recommended enlarger type - Corrective printing - Dodging equipment - Importance of composition in printing - The dodging guide - Dodging procedure : spot dodging , the hands as dodging masks , dodging complicated areas , flashing - Washing and drying large prints - Drying glossy prints - More about print development : timing development , effect of development time on contrast , effect . of development time on tone , diluted versus concentrated . solutions Local development .
Assignment 8 : Composing Your Pictures
The place of composition in photography - The fundamentals of composition : a photograph should be simple , a photograph should have a center of interest , a photograph should make good use of leading lines of movement - Strengthening the center of interest When to compose the picture - Applying the fundamentals of composition - Composition versus subject matter - Developing your sense of composition - What to look for in the finder - The importance of tone and balance - Using color in composition .
Assignment 9 : Principles of Lighting
Relationship and interplay of light and shadow - Form and shape : diffuse and specular reflection , brightness or tone , the cast shadow - Outdoor lighting : front lighting , 45 - degree side lighting , 90 - degree side lighting , backlighting - Controlling the quality of outdoor illumination : controlling light for contrast , using the reflector , using flash for fill - in , getting out of the bright sun Controlling lighting contrast through proper choice of color film - Controlling contrast by varying film development - Indoor lighting : lighting equipment , tungsten lamps , the photoflood lamp , concentrated filament lamps , miscellaneous equipment , lighting . control accessories - Lighting the subject : establishing the main light , establishing the fill - in light , setting up the accent lights , establishing background illumination .
Assignment 10 : Shooting in Color and Facts About Filters
PART 1 : SHOOTING IN COLOR - Importance of color - Choosing color film - Characteristics of color film : speed , contrast , color response The nature of color - The three characteristics of color : hue , saturation , brightness - Color harmony - The nature of color film - Processing color film - Positive color film : developing , second exposure , color developing , bleaching , final color rendition Negative color and Polaroid color films - Color temperature - Color balance - Color films : Daylight film , Type A tungsten film , Type B tungsten film , Negative color films - Filters to correct color balance - Color films and the reciprocity law - Preparing color slides .
Volume II ( Continued )
for projection - PART 2 : FACTS ABOUT FILTERS - Color filters for black - and - white photography - Film sensitivity - Filter action Filter factors - Color of the filter - Nature of the light source - Color sensitivity of the negative material - Applying filter factors - Types of filters : correction filters , contrast filters , haze filters , neutral density control - Sky brightness control - Filter selection Polarizing filters for black - and - white photography - Dramatic backlighting Filters for color photography : conversion filters , color compensating ( CC ) filters , polarizing filters for color photography , haze and skylight filters .
Assignment 11 : Flash and Available Light Photography
PART 1 : FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY - Types of flash - Types of flashbulbs and flashcubes - Flash synchronization : Type M syn chronization , Type X synchronization , FP synchronization - Flash reflectors - Flash batteries - Determining exposure for flashbulbs Electronic flash : characteristics , determining exposure , electronic flash with focal plane shutters , advantages - Taking better pic tures with flash - Tell a story - Use the right flash set - up : flash off the camera , on an extension , bounce flash , multiple flash , slave units , open flash - Flash fill - in - Flash with color film PART 2 : AVAILABLE LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY - What is available light photography - Available light films : black - and - white film , color film - Ways to maintain quality : correct speed rating , work for normal negative density , follow recommendations , use the correct developer - Film speed rating and exposure - Developers for available light photography - Controlling contrast - Boosting avail able light - Filters for color photography in available light - Shooting outdoors . night : the best time , film , determining exposure .
Assignment 12 : Portraiture
What is a portrait - Equipment - Portrait posing : natural and characteristic posing , posing the head , minimizing feature defects , posing hands , eyeglasses , clothing - Portraits of children : the baby class , the two to five class , children over five - Experimenting with basic portrait lighting : using available light , using tungsten lights Advanced portrait lighting : 45 - degree lighting , procedure for 45 - degree lighting , using a reflector , using a head screen , side and back lighting , profile picture , three - quarter portrait , full - face portrait - High key and low key portraits - The background - The camera in portraiture : camera height , the focal length of the lens , where to focus - Lighting procedure : pose the subject , building a portrait , short lighting or broad lighting , fill - in light , determining the lighting ratio , the hair the background light , additional accent lights - Portraiture with electronic flash - Portraits in color Outdoor portraiture - Backgrounds for outdoor portraiture .
CONTENTS
Volume III
Assignment 13 : 35mm Photography and Travel Photography
PART 1 : 35MM PHOTOGRAPHY - The demands of 35mm photo graphy - Holding the camera steady - Seeing pictures - Focusing for maximum depth of field - How to snap crowds , animals , action pictures - Fine - grain processing - Techniques for developing 35mm . film - Thin emulsion films - Fine - grain developers - Compensating developers - PART 2 : TRAVEL PHOTOGRAPHY - Equipment : cameras , lenses , exposure meters , flash equipment , tripod Planning your travel pictures - The picture story - The pictorial or scenic picture - Composition techniques for better scenics : rhythm , framing , balance , human figures - Lighting for mood - Shooting from a moving vehicle .
Assignment 14 : Taking Pictures in 3 - D . and The Art of Copying
PART 1 : TAKING PICTURES IN 3 - D - What is stereophoto graphy The stereo camera - The stereo viewer - Viewing stereo . pictures Projecting stereo slides - Basic requirements of a good . stereo slide - Using color - Striving for special stereo effects PART 2 : THE ART OF COPYING - Equipment - Handling the originals - What film to use - Exposure - Developing the copy nega tive - Copying photographs - The use of filters in copying - Copying government obligations - Special problems in copying .
Assignment 15 : Architectural Photography Exteriors and Interiors
PART 1 PHOTOGRAPHING EXTERIORS - The demand for architectural photography - The camera - Lenses - Recommended focal lengths - Camera adjustments ( movements ) -General approach to : distant views , churches and cathedrals , buildings at night , framing buildings , construction work , photographing homes Architectural photography with the small camera - People in your pictures - Using color - PART 2 : PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIORS -Equipment needed - Planning the interior shot : composition , using people , lighting , separating planes - Using color .
Assignment 16 : Commercial Photography
Requirements of commercial photography - Qualifications of the commercial photographer - Equipment needed : camera , lens , tripod , lighting - Backgrounds - Surveying the job - The modern . trend in commercial work - Photographic quality and technique Rules for success in commercial photography - Selling yourself Aspects of commercial photography - Industrial photography : photographing machinery , plant operation - Photographing merchandise - Packages and cartons - The creative merchandising story - Photographing glassware - Photographing silverware and polished metallic surfaces - Photographing rugs and other floor coverings - Photographing furniture - The photography of food Photographing store window displays - Fashion photography : camera equipment , lighting , background , the use of models , model releases .
Volume III ( Continued )
Assignment 17 : Press Photography and Photojournalism
PART 1 : PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY - What is press photography What makes a good press photographer - Demand for trained news photographers - How to enter the field - Free - lance news photo graphy - Equipment - Rules for covering assignments : crime , fires , courts , weddings , sports - Your right to photograph- Tips for better pictures - PART 2 : PHOTOJOURNALISM - What is it Three phases of photojournalism : the picture sequence , the picture story , and the picture essay - Equipment for the photojournalist Shooting the picture sequence , story , and essay - Working up the picture story - Submitting the final print .
Assignment 18 : Advanced Professional Techniques
Improving the negative by intensification - Improving the negative by reduction : types of reducers - Reducing and intensifying the same negative - Improving the print - Using ferricyanide to add brilliance Reduction technique - Local reduction of dry prints Spot reduction of the print - Retouching the negative - Retouching the portrait negative - Retouching equipment - Applying retouching dope - Retouching with pencil - Using the etching knife - Scratched negatives - Special problems in portrait modeling - Retouching for the commercial photographer : blocking , etching , retouching with dye , correcting mistakes , abrasive reducers , retouching pinholes , scratches and retouching small negatives .
Assignment 19 : Basic Motion Picture Photography
What are motion pictures - How a movie camera works - Film size - Reversal film - Selecting the proper lens - The zoom lens Exposure - Automatic exposures - Planning the movie : story continuity , a sample shooting script , the end , footage , scene length - Shooting the movie : the close - up , camera angles , camera effects ; fast and slow motion , fades and dissolves , maintaining directional continuity while filming , changing screen direction , animation , dolly shots , the use of special effects - Indoor lighting for movies Editing : equipment , procedure - Titling - Adding sound to your movies ,
Assignment 20 : Making Motion Pictures For Television
Television as a user of commercial photography : commercials , special features and documentaries , news , education - The camera , film and other equipment needed - Adding sound to motion pictures : background music , narration , sound effects , lip syn chronization - Various ways to add sound - Lighting for TV Composition and framing for TV - Achieving special effects : slow and fast motion , stopping motion , time - lapse photography , reversing motion , creating night effects , simulating snow and rain , using a matte box - The filmed TV interview - Covering the news Turning still pictures into movies - Filming the commercial .
CONTENTS
Volume I
Introduction : Welcome to Modern Photography
Assignment 1 : Getting Acquainted
The history of photography - The essentials of a camera - Getting acquainted with your camera - Getting your camera ready to take pictures - Standard types of cameras - Special purpose cameras .
Assignment 2 : The Lens and Your Pictures
Importance of the lens - Lens correction for better pictures Coated lenses - Lens properties : focal length , speed , depth of field - What lens stop to use to : regulate exposure , increase depth of field , increase overall sharpness , obtain selective focus - Lens effects due to camera placement - Special purpose lenses - What lenses to buy - Types of shutters - What shutter speed to use .
Assignment 3 : Determining Correct Exposure
Successful exposure - Range of exposure - Factors which govern exposure Exposure tables - Types of exposure meters - Methods of using the exposure meter - Exposures for unusual conditions Special types of exposure meters - Films for black - and - white photography : how the emulsion works ; film characteristics , speed , color sensitivity and other photographic properties ; types of film - Storage of photographic materials
Assignment 4 : Developing the Negative
The exposed film - Developing equipment - How to handle and develop roll and sheet film - Fine points in processing film : the developer , the stop bath , the fixing bath , washing and drying the film - How to judge a negative - Effect of exposure and develop ment on negative quality - Inspecting a negative - Summary of the effect of exposure and development on density and contrast .
Assignment 5 : The Darkroom and Darkroom Equipment
Darkroom location - Darkroom layout : entrance , ventilation , en larger and developer benches , processing sinks , shelves for storage , lighting , safelights - Electrical wiring - Equipmert needed - Planning the commercial darkroom .
Assignment 6 : Making the Print
Making the contact print - The contact print as a proof print Getting your equipment ready - General printing procedures : developing , fixing and washing the print - Making the enlarged print - More about enlarging papers - Finishing the print .
CONTENTS
Volume II
Assignment 7 : Advanced Printing Techniques
Control in contact printing - Dodging with the printing box Printing control with the enlarger - Projection systems - Illumi nation systems : diffusion enlarger , condenser enlarger , focal length of projection lens - Negative illumination and print quality Recommended enlarger type - Corrective printing - Dodging equipment - Importance of composition in printing - The dodging guide - Dodging procedure : spot dodging , the hands as dodging masks , dodging complicated areas , flashing - Washing and drying large prints - Drying glossy prints - More about print development : timing development , effect of development time on contrast , effect . of development time on tone , diluted versus concentrated . solutions Local development .
Assignment 8 : Composing Your Pictures
The place of composition in photography - The fundamentals of composition : a photograph should be simple , a photograph should have a center of interest , a photograph should make good use of leading lines of movement - Strengthening the center of interest When to compose the picture - Applying the fundamentals of composition - Composition versus subject matter - Developing your sense of composition - What to look for in the finder - The importance of tone and balance - Using color in composition .
Assignment 9 : Principles of Lighting
Relationship and interplay of light and shadow - Form and shape : diffuse and specular reflection , brightness or tone , the cast shadow - Outdoor lighting : front lighting , 45 - degree side lighting , 90 - degree side lighting , backlighting - Controlling the quality of outdoor illumination : controlling light for contrast , using the reflector , using flash for fill - in , getting out of the bright sun Controlling lighting contrast through proper choice of color film - Controlling contrast by varying film development - Indoor lighting : lighting equipment , tungsten lamps , the photoflood lamp , concentrated filament lamps , miscellaneous equipment , lighting . control accessories - Lighting the subject : establishing the main light , establishing the fill - in light , setting up the accent lights , establishing background illumination .
Assignment 10 : Shooting in Color and Facts About Filters
PART 1 : SHOOTING IN COLOR - Importance of color - Choosing color film - Characteristics of color film : speed , contrast , color response The nature of color - The three characteristics of color : hue , saturation , brightness - Color harmony - The nature of color film - Processing color film - Positive color film : developing , second exposure , color developing , bleaching , final color rendition Negative color and Polaroid color films - Color temperature - Color balance - Color films : Daylight film , Type A tungsten film , Type B tungsten film , Negative color films - Filters to correct color balance - Color films and the reciprocity law - Preparing color slides .
Volume II ( Continued )
for projection - PART 2 : FACTS ABOUT FILTERS - Color filters for black - and - white photography - Film sensitivity - Filter action Filter factors - Color of the filter - Nature of the light source - Color sensitivity of the negative material - Applying filter factors - Types of filters : correction filters , contrast filters , haze filters , neutral density control - Sky brightness control - Filter selection Polarizing filters for black - and - white photography - Dramatic backlighting Filters for color photography : conversion filters , color compensating ( CC ) filters , polarizing filters for color photography , haze and skylight filters .
Assignment 11 : Flash and Available Light Photography
PART 1 : FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY - Types of flash - Types of flashbulbs and flashcubes - Flash synchronization : Type M syn chronization , Type X synchronization , FP synchronization - Flash reflectors - Flash batteries - Determining exposure for flashbulbs Electronic flash : characteristics , determining exposure , electronic flash with focal plane shutters , advantages - Taking better pic tures with flash - Tell a story - Use the right flash set - up : flash off the camera , on an extension , bounce flash , multiple flash , slave units , open flash - Flash fill - in - Flash with color film PART 2 : AVAILABLE LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY - What is available light photography - Available light films : black - and - white film , color film - Ways to maintain quality : correct speed rating , work for normal negative density , follow recommendations , use the correct developer - Film speed rating and exposure - Developers for available light photography - Controlling contrast - Boosting avail able light - Filters for color photography in available light - Shooting outdoors . night : the best time , film , determining exposure .
Assignment 12 : Portraiture
What is a portrait - Equipment - Portrait posing : natural and characteristic posing , posing the head , minimizing feature defects , posing hands , eyeglasses , clothing - Portraits of children : the baby class , the two to five class , children over five - Experimenting with basic portrait lighting : using available light , using tungsten lights Advanced portrait lighting : 45 - degree lighting , procedure for 45 - degree lighting , using a reflector , using a head screen , side and back lighting , profile picture , three - quarter portrait , full - face portrait - High key and low key portraits - The background - The camera in portraiture : camera height , the focal length of the lens , where to focus - Lighting procedure : pose the subject , building a portrait , short lighting or broad lighting , fill - in light , determining the lighting ratio , the hair the background light , additional accent lights - Portraiture with electronic flash - Portraits in color Outdoor portraiture - Backgrounds for outdoor portraiture .
CONTENTS
Volume III
Assignment 13 : 35mm Photography and Travel Photography
PART 1 : 35MM PHOTOGRAPHY - The demands of 35mm photo graphy - Holding the camera steady - Seeing pictures - Focusing for maximum depth of field - How to snap crowds , animals , action pictures - Fine - grain processing - Techniques for developing 35mm . film - Thin emulsion films - Fine - grain developers - Compensating developers - PART 2 : TRAVEL PHOTOGRAPHY - Equipment : cameras , lenses , exposure meters , flash equipment , tripod Planning your travel pictures - The picture story - The pictorial or scenic picture - Composition techniques for better scenics : rhythm , framing , balance , human figures - Lighting for mood - Shooting from a moving vehicle .
Assignment 14 : Taking Pictures in 3 - D . and The Art of Copying
PART 1 : TAKING PICTURES IN 3 - D - What is stereophoto graphy The stereo camera - The stereo viewer - Viewing stereo . pictures Projecting stereo slides - Basic requirements of a good . stereo slide - Using color - Striving for special stereo effects PART 2 : THE ART OF COPYING - Equipment - Handling the originals - What film to use - Exposure - Developing the copy nega tive - Copying photographs - The use of filters in copying - Copying government obligations - Special problems in copying .
Assignment 15 : Architectural Photography Exteriors and Interiors
PART 1 PHOTOGRAPHING EXTERIORS - The demand for architectural photography - The camera - Lenses - Recommended focal lengths - Camera adjustments ( movements ) -General approach to : distant views , churches and cathedrals , buildings at night , framing buildings , construction work , photographing homes Architectural photography with the small camera - People in your pictures - Using color - PART 2 : PHOTOGRAPHING INTERIORS -Equipment needed - Planning the interior shot : composition , using people , lighting , separating planes - Using color .
Assignment 16 : Commercial Photography
Requirements of commercial photography - Qualifications of the commercial photographer - Equipment needed : camera , lens , tripod , lighting - Backgrounds - Surveying the job - The modern . trend in commercial work - Photographic quality and technique Rules for success in commercial photography - Selling yourself Aspects of commercial photography - Industrial photography : photographing machinery , plant operation - Photographing merchandise - Packages and cartons - The creative merchandising story - Photographing glassware - Photographing silverware and polished metallic surfaces - Photographing rugs and other floor coverings - Photographing furniture - The photography of food Photographing store window displays - Fashion photography : camera equipment , lighting , background , the use of models , model releases .
Volume III ( Continued )
Assignment 17 : Press Photography and Photojournalism
PART 1 : PRESS PHOTOGRAPHY - What is press photography What makes a good press photographer - Demand for trained news photographers - How to enter the field - Free - lance news photo graphy - Equipment - Rules for covering assignments : crime , fires , courts , weddings , sports - Your right to photograph- Tips for better pictures - PART 2 : PHOTOJOURNALISM - What is it Three phases of photojournalism : the picture sequence , the picture story , and the picture essay - Equipment for the photojournalist Shooting the picture sequence , story , and essay - Working up the picture story - Submitting the final print .
Assignment 18 : Advanced Professional Techniques
Improving the negative by intensification - Improving the negative by reduction : types of reducers - Reducing and intensifying the same negative - Improving the print - Using ferricyanide to add brilliance Reduction technique - Local reduction of dry prints Spot reduction of the print - Retouching the negative - Retouching the portrait negative - Retouching equipment - Applying retouching dope - Retouching with pencil - Using the etching knife - Scratched negatives - Special problems in portrait modeling - Retouching for the commercial photographer : blocking , etching , retouching with dye , correcting mistakes , abrasive reducers , retouching pinholes , scratches and retouching small negatives .
Assignment 19 : Basic Motion Picture Photography
What are motion pictures - How a movie camera works - Film size - Reversal film - Selecting the proper lens - The zoom lens Exposure - Automatic exposures - Planning the movie : story continuity , a sample shooting script , the end , footage , scene length - Shooting the movie : the close - up , camera angles , camera effects ; fast and slow motion , fades and dissolves , maintaining directional continuity while filming , changing screen direction , animation , dolly shots , the use of special effects - Indoor lighting for movies Editing : equipment , procedure - Titling - Adding sound to your movies ,
Assignment 20 : Making Motion Pictures For Television
Television as a user of commercial photography : commercials , special features and documentaries , news , education - The camera , film and other equipment needed - Adding sound to motion pictures : background music , narration , sound effects , lip syn chronization - Various ways to add sound - Lighting for TV Composition and framing for TV - Achieving special effects : slow and fast motion , stopping motion , time - lapse photography , reversing motion , creating night effects , simulating snow and rain , using a matte box - The filmed TV interview - Covering the news Turning still pictures into movies - Filming the commercial .
تعليق