تويت
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الأساسي للصور المتحركة
حجم الفيلم
عكسي مقابل سلبي - فيلم إيجابي
FILM SIZE
At present there are three standard film sizes in general use : 35mm , 16mm and 8mm . These three sizes refer to the width of the entire film , not just the picture . The 35mm movie film is used in theaters and many commercial applications . The 16mm film was originally developed for amateur use to provide reasonably good pictures at a fraction of the cost of professional 35mm film . However , as improvements in technique and equipment were introduced , it became possible to produce pictures of a very high quality on 16mm film . At present this size is also used widely for television news shots and for commercial and advertising pictures intended for showing to fairly large groups in halls and auditoriums .
Figure 3. Here you see the various sizes of film in use in the motion picture industry today . The 16mm film shown here is 16mm sound film and has perforations on one side only , the other side carrying the sound track . 16mm silent film has no sound track and perforations on both sides . In addition to the sizes shown , many Hollywood productions are shot on movie film that is 70mm wide .
Figure 3 - A Comparison of the picture area of standard 8mm film ( left ) and Super 8 film ( right ) . The Super 8 image area is 50 % larger than that of the older standard 8 .
The third standard film size , 8mm , is primarily for use in the home . Because of the extremely small size of the individual frame , this film is not recommended for screen widths of much more than 5 feet , so it is not suitable for critical professional use . It is , however , by far the most popular size for the amateur , and is used extensively for taking vacation and family movies . Recently the actual frame size of a picture on 8mm film was increased by using narrower margins and allowing less width for the sound track . This new 8mm film is called Super 8. In the diagram of Figure 3 , we show comparative sizes of the old standard 8 and the new Super 8 films . The Super 8 has replaced the standard 8 for all new equipment , and within recent years , some extremely fine Super 8 cameras have been introduced . As a result , Super 8 film is beginning to find a place in commercial and educational pictures where audience size . limited and where extreme sharpness is not essential .
Figure 4 A Super 8 movie camera equipped with a zoom . lens . This camera views through the taking lens as all zoom cameras . do .
Figure 4 illustrates a Super 8 movie camera with zoom lens . Figure 4 - A illustrates a highly precise semi - professional Super 8 with many of the special features required for advance work . Figure 5 shows a 16mm camera with a turret of lenses .
Figure 4 - A A semi professional Super 8 camera equipped movie with a macrozoom which makes filming from a few inches to infinity possible . Fades and dissolves can also be accomplished with this camera .
Figure 5 A 16mm semi - professional movie camera . This camera . holds 100 feet of film inside the camera body or will accommodate a 400 foot roll in the external magazine . It is equipped with a zoom lens but it also has a turret which will hold three lenses .
The older , standard 8mm film was actually 16mm wide when purchased , but it differed from regular 16mm movie film in that it had twice the number of perforations and when it was run through the camera , only half its width was exposed . After the film was run through once , it was reversed and reloaded in the camera to be run through again . This time the second half of the film was exposed . This resulted in two series of pictures side by side . After processing , the laboratory slit the film into two lengthwise sections and joined the sections end to end . It then became 8mm film with perforations along one side only .
The new Super 8 film is actually sold as 8mm film , so it is not necessary to run it through the camera twice .
Some useful information for both 8 and 16mm film is given in Table I. You will find this table valuable in determining how many feet of film is required to shoot any particular scene and in calculating the time necessary to show any specified length of film .
REVERSAL VERSUS NEGATIVE - POSITIVE FILM
Motion picture film , whether color or black - and - white , comes in two types negative - positive and reversal . We have discussed the differences between reversal and negative - positive film in Assignment 10 in connection with color photo graphy , so we need not repeat that discussion here . In motion picture photography black - and - white film is also available in reversal as well as negative - positive .
The student or amateur will almost invariably want only one copy of any film he shoots , and for him the obvious choice is to use a reversal film . However , for commercial or professional use where a number of copies are required , it may be better to load the camera with negative film and have the processing laboratory make positive prints from the negative . The positive print is on film , of course , so it can be projected . Negative - positive film is hardly ever used by the amateur , and for that reason it can be purchased only through dealers who sell to professional movie makers .
The processing of motion picture film , whether color or black - and - white , is somewhat complicated and requires special equipment . For that reason , very few photographers process their own motion picture film , and we will not discuss this subject here .
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الأساسي للصور المتحركة
حجم الفيلم
عكسي مقابل سلبي - فيلم إيجابي
FILM SIZE
At present there are three standard film sizes in general use : 35mm , 16mm and 8mm . These three sizes refer to the width of the entire film , not just the picture . The 35mm movie film is used in theaters and many commercial applications . The 16mm film was originally developed for amateur use to provide reasonably good pictures at a fraction of the cost of professional 35mm film . However , as improvements in technique and equipment were introduced , it became possible to produce pictures of a very high quality on 16mm film . At present this size is also used widely for television news shots and for commercial and advertising pictures intended for showing to fairly large groups in halls and auditoriums .
Figure 3. Here you see the various sizes of film in use in the motion picture industry today . The 16mm film shown here is 16mm sound film and has perforations on one side only , the other side carrying the sound track . 16mm silent film has no sound track and perforations on both sides . In addition to the sizes shown , many Hollywood productions are shot on movie film that is 70mm wide .
Figure 3 - A Comparison of the picture area of standard 8mm film ( left ) and Super 8 film ( right ) . The Super 8 image area is 50 % larger than that of the older standard 8 .
The third standard film size , 8mm , is primarily for use in the home . Because of the extremely small size of the individual frame , this film is not recommended for screen widths of much more than 5 feet , so it is not suitable for critical professional use . It is , however , by far the most popular size for the amateur , and is used extensively for taking vacation and family movies . Recently the actual frame size of a picture on 8mm film was increased by using narrower margins and allowing less width for the sound track . This new 8mm film is called Super 8. In the diagram of Figure 3 , we show comparative sizes of the old standard 8 and the new Super 8 films . The Super 8 has replaced the standard 8 for all new equipment , and within recent years , some extremely fine Super 8 cameras have been introduced . As a result , Super 8 film is beginning to find a place in commercial and educational pictures where audience size . limited and where extreme sharpness is not essential .
Figure 4 A Super 8 movie camera equipped with a zoom . lens . This camera views through the taking lens as all zoom cameras . do .
Figure 4 illustrates a Super 8 movie camera with zoom lens . Figure 4 - A illustrates a highly precise semi - professional Super 8 with many of the special features required for advance work . Figure 5 shows a 16mm camera with a turret of lenses .
Figure 4 - A A semi professional Super 8 camera equipped movie with a macrozoom which makes filming from a few inches to infinity possible . Fades and dissolves can also be accomplished with this camera .
Figure 5 A 16mm semi - professional movie camera . This camera . holds 100 feet of film inside the camera body or will accommodate a 400 foot roll in the external magazine . It is equipped with a zoom lens but it also has a turret which will hold three lenses .
The older , standard 8mm film was actually 16mm wide when purchased , but it differed from regular 16mm movie film in that it had twice the number of perforations and when it was run through the camera , only half its width was exposed . After the film was run through once , it was reversed and reloaded in the camera to be run through again . This time the second half of the film was exposed . This resulted in two series of pictures side by side . After processing , the laboratory slit the film into two lengthwise sections and joined the sections end to end . It then became 8mm film with perforations along one side only .
The new Super 8 film is actually sold as 8mm film , so it is not necessary to run it through the camera twice .
Some useful information for both 8 and 16mm film is given in Table I. You will find this table valuable in determining how many feet of film is required to shoot any particular scene and in calculating the time necessary to show any specified length of film .
REVERSAL VERSUS NEGATIVE - POSITIVE FILM
Motion picture film , whether color or black - and - white , comes in two types negative - positive and reversal . We have discussed the differences between reversal and negative - positive film in Assignment 10 in connection with color photo graphy , so we need not repeat that discussion here . In motion picture photography black - and - white film is also available in reversal as well as negative - positive .
The student or amateur will almost invariably want only one copy of any film he shoots , and for him the obvious choice is to use a reversal film . However , for commercial or professional use where a number of copies are required , it may be better to load the camera with negative film and have the processing laboratory make positive prints from the negative . The positive print is on film , of course , so it can be projected . Negative - positive film is hardly ever used by the amateur , and for that reason it can be purchased only through dealers who sell to professional movie makers .
The processing of motion picture film , whether color or black - and - white , is somewhat complicated and requires special equipment . For that reason , very few photographers process their own motion picture film , and we will not discuss this subject here .
تعليق