بعض القضايا الأخرى المتعلقة بالنظرية العامة للصحافة ٢_a. دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

4- An attack that does not mention everything. The attack says nothing, but arouses curiosity in the reader to read the material. The authors present this parable: Three divers, researchers, woke up the Queen of Sheba yesterday. This is the beginning of modest news about some archaeological excavations.

5 - Timeline, time display of events.

6- Scheme, evidence and proofs.

7 - Scheme (Back to the past).

8 - Diagram: inverted pyramid. Start with the most important and exciting elements
And ending with the ordinary and least important:

9 - Conclusion, final result (30)

This recipe has elements of the ordinary description, but the character is sensational. Three attacks, blows to the stomach, the breath, provoking curiosity in the reader at any cost. This is a typical thriller by description, even when the facts described are themselves ordinary and contain nothing strange or rare that has not been seen before or heard of.

Despite the claims of Bernard José and de Broquard that they did not deal with theoretical issues, and that they would teach their readers the profession of journalism away from politics and thought, their textbook is imbued with bourgeois ideology, and represents a theorization of the most reactionary and decadent type of bourgeois journalism, i.e. the sensational and cheap press, which he loathes. Including even many men of bourgeois society, educators, sociologists and jurists.

The theory that says that the journalist is just a media technician, and that he is just a person practicing an important social profession that plays a very important role in shaping public opinion in this direction or that, but without taking responsibility for ideology, politics, and ethical and aesthetic standards that he regularly presents to readers, listeners and viewers. This theory is widespread among bourgeois theorists in the field of journalism. Each of these theorists tries to develop and consolidate this theory by means of different evidences and proofs.

Journalism has his book (A Method) after the Italian writer Dominicudi Gregorio reviews the issue of freedom of the press from three aspects: legal freedom, economic freedom, and psychological freedom (31) he reaches the conclusion that the journalist is not a politician but rather a media technician. Therefore, condemning a journalist because he applies the instructions of this or that political system, or this government, according to Gregorio, is like condemning a notary (or notary public), who documented the signature of a dictator on one of his decisions, or like condemning a policeman for an arrest that took place on the orders of Issued by the Ministry of Interior. Gregorio believes that the authors of the policy hostile to the people must be prosecuted, and not those who have no other way out while practicing their profession but to submit to the dictatorship, or to spread the ideology of the parties whose legitimacy is recognized (32).

Gregorio frankly and without any reservation defends the subject that the journalist must fit with reality and serve the strongest, and that he does not have any freedom of choice because the specter of unemployment haunts him. After Gregorio presents these views on the fate of the journalist in the capitalist countries, he recommends, as a way of consolation, that the theory of the American writer Weber Schram about the social responsibility of the press be applied. But Di Gregorio himself does not believe that this is possible. He believes that true freedom of the press can only be achieved when the costs of distributing news and ideas become very low, which ends the influence of large capital on the press. But Di Gregorio fears that the political power will then try to constrain the press, and that everything will have to start over. And Di Gregorio arrives in a melancholic mood that we are completely in the position of a dog that wants to bite its tail.

Di Gregorio's views are deeply reactionary. It began with the declaration that the journalist is a mere media technician and ended not with mere justification but with the complete vindication of the most reactionary journalists of the type of fascists, Hitlerites, aggressive war-mongers, advocates of mass killing of innocents, and who deliberately spread the lowest and heinous ideology, politics and morals of real cannibals.

In capitalist countries, the principle that the journalist is a (social technician) for mass influence is widely spread. The American writer Wilson Daizard believes that mass consciousness is something that is subject to various controllers - deceivers, and he believes in almost everything they want, by spreading a torrent of irritants sufficient to flood the eyes and ears of the group of people (33).

As the Soviet writer A. B . Evstafiev in his study (American theories in the field of advertising 0 0 0 ), that the proponents of the propaganda school and social technology consider their ideal the experience of “Mitsun Avenue” in New York, where the American media institutions are stationed there. Too much for the taste of the average buyer, and they succeeded in imposing constant pressure to use the advertised goods. Theorists and practitioners of the American press, as well as radio and television, are trying to use the same methods to influence the political field, and they are applying the system of selling by force in the socio-political life. But the majority sees a fundamental difference between selling commodities and imposing ideas, and they prefer another method called psychological warfare. In times of war in the field of propaganda, methods and (psychological warfare) are used, and psychological battles are constantly imposed on socialism. In the United States of America, the issue of waging psychological warfare has risen to an integrated policy practiced by the state (34).

Theorists of the bourgeois press are constantly working on finding other theories, putting forward different principles, and presenting various recipes. But, regardless of whether they confess; Or they reject the intellectual and political content of the press, radio, television, and the work of journalists, or that all of this is just technical and professional, just like the craft of shoe repair. We say, regardless of that, that all bourgeois theories are in the field of journalism. In fact, it fully serves bourgeois capitalism, ideology, politics and ethics, regardless of the bourgeois philosophical doctrines that depend on these theories. These theories are not in a position to properly explain the basic principles, functions and tasks of the journalistic means of mass influence because the authors of these theories always remain captive to their bourgeois beliefs and their attachment to capitalism and their submission. bourgeois journalistic practice as if it were an ideal.

But this does not mean that in the relevant research in the field of journalism, radio and television, which was carried out by Bourgeois Yoon's book, there is nothing useful, essential or important. Conversely, some conclusions can be drawn from these writings. Valid and important results for the sake of our press activity, but after cleaning it from the traces of bourgeois ideology, and after properly understanding and applying the inductive (statistical) method in studying the means of press influence and their mutual relationship with readers, listeners and viewers. But this means looking for a grain of wheat in a haystack. Therefore, the process requires the ability to know what it is looking for, and how it should be searched for, as well as clear class-party criteria. Without a class-partisan treatment, it is not possible to reach anything positive in the field of the general theory of journalism.