بعض القضايا الأخرى المتعلقة بالنظرية العامة للصحافة ١_a. دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

Some other issues related to the general theory of journalism:

Vatarello knew the journalist as a media technician, but other bourgeois authors took a giant step and declared that the journalist is just an antenna (antine), who does not know complaining or complaining, and his task is to transmit and receive, and the most prominent of those who say this are the French authors Bernardoin and José de Broquard, authors of the textbook (Media Practice )(25). What are the opinions of these two authors? What is the impact of their textbook on those who study it? The authors declare that they have no intention of theorizing, and that their aim is to help young journalists to become acquainted with the secrets of the profession, relying on the good use of contemporary French journalism (26). Of course, what is meant is the contemporary bourgeois French press.

The authors wrote: (The basis of our profession is to inform others about it
whom we have known for a short time. (27) Voin and de Broucker have developed a neutral theme (not an objectivity) of the media, and it is known that this theme is a typical bourgeois position. They said that the journalist is just an antenna (antenna) that conveys the things he had received, without an opinion or comment, without a position, and without ideology or politics. This counterfeiting is a well known issue. Without any discussion, it bears the bourgeois character. In this way, the authors try to provide the bourgeois journalists with an ease and justification for their mistakes, and to convince them that their work is mechanical and has nothing to do with politics, and that without any exaggeration it is an automatic-mechanical reception and transmission that has nothing to do with the mind, just like a machine that records the temperature in the atmosphere or the ratio of Moisture or the amount of evaporation...etc, without this machine having any effect on things. In this regard, we see that the views of Faturello and Ignazio Weiss are more realistic.

Stubbornly following their point of departure on the literal character of journalistic work, these two authors write...Journalism should speak as a witness, not as a judge. Any word or expression that would constitute any bias or give any evaluation should be excluded. The mission of the media is not to condemn or blame, but rather to describe only (28). The malicious purpose of this theory is clear - when it excludes from the media everything that contains an assessment, position, opinion, ideology or policy, the aim of the media in the bourgeois journalistic means of the mass influence of the reader as a pure and sacred truth has not undergone any change, despite the fact that the media it presents The bourgeois press is prepared regularly, diligently and methodically in a way that serves capitalism, ideology, politics, culture and bourgeois ethics. The specific task is for readers, listeners and viewers to accept this media as being objective and apolitical, although it is a purely bourgeois ideology, but it is presented in a way that obscures its intellectual-political essence. And in this lies the whole philosophy of Foen, Dober and Carr. The French monopolies press provides the real basis for the defense of this elegiac thesis, and even the authors themselves have asserted that they based their theory on the "good use" of the French press, of course the bourgeoisie, which they do not mention.

The authors define their concepts about the subject of the media with some events that they consider important and that the journalist must pursue, search for and pursue, reveal and formulate, in order to be a good journalist and these events:
1- Unhappy occasions.
2- Celebrations.
3- Crimes of all kinds.
4- Social receptions.
5- Procedures, especially judicial ones.
6- Offers.
7- Sports.
8 - The storms are the circle of the most important issues recommended by the authors as the essence of the press media material. This circle lacks economic issues, ideological issues, political issues, cultural life in its broadest sense, and it also lacks scientific issues. It is clear that this media material aims to dull the readers, listeners and viewers and divert their attention from the complex daily life problems on which the lives of large segments of the people depend.

Through this theorization of ceremonies, crimes and all kinds of sensationalism, Voin and Dubrokar seek to lay a "scientific basis" for the corrupt yellow bourgeois press. And to present them as the pinnacle of journalistic achievements.

The authors paid special attention to what they called (centers of interest) among the readers. Books: . . . . The interest of a reader can only be aroused through the central circles that start from a single point in which the reader himself is located. (29). This idea, which was not clearly expressed, can be interpreted in different ways. But the authors of this textbook on journalism are far from the idea of ​​placing at the center of attention the necessity of understanding class interests and interests in the progressive development of society and in socialism. They tried to categorize the centers of interests of the readers in the following way:

1- The death of famous personalities, crimes, suicides, disasters, diseases and surgeries

2- Destiny, accidents, oddities, sudden phenomena, strange appearances.

3 - sexual issues, weddings, births, divorce, erotic stories, emotional crimes, attractive stories.

4 - Conflicts, peace and war, important political debates.

E - money.

6- Time.

7- Charity.

8- Compassion, children's stories, especially the tragic ones.

This determination of the centers of interests of the readers made by Voin and de Bruckare is the basis of the yellow, sensational and cheap bourgeois press. They found themselves compelled to mention political events, despite placing them in the fourth place, after the death of famous personalities, after fate, and after sexual stories. But how do they understand the political issue? Only in terms of conflicts. For them, it is completely strange the explanation and clarification that the press provides in an organized, serious and calm manner for political issues. The press is exciting for them, and they see everything according to this perspective. This is the perspective of bourgeois sensationalist journalism. The fact that the views of these two authors constitute a theoretical basis for bourgeois sensationalist journalism becomes even more evident in the recipe they describe for art to be able to arouse interest. Below we offer their recipe for how exciting journalistic materials should be written.

1- The article begins with an attack to grab the attention of the readers from the first words of the article. The first task is to seize the booty and not forfeit it.
2 - Introduction, declaring the important and basic thing in the article in a few words.
3- Surprise attack. The authors believe that the aim of this surprise attack is to hit the stomach and cut one's breath.