وظائف الوسائل الصحفية للتأثير الجماهيري ٣_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

That is, isolate news from opinions. This requirement, in addition to being practically unattainable, as it has become clear through practice, selecting news and focusing on this or that aspect of the facts and neglecting other aspects, and ignoring some facts. Specific to the readers, even without publishing any comment on the news. Because of this, this condition is not useful for mitigating any amount of the shortcomings and evils of the bourgeois press.

Newspapers should be platforms for exchanging comments and criticisms. Therefore, the press, radio and television should allow room for different viewpoints.

This demand, as unrealistic as it is, is also incorrect. As long as the press is private property, the directors and editors appointed by its owners can never allow the publication of a serious criticism of capitalism, the bourgeois social system, bourgeois culture, and bourgeois morals, or allow the propaganda of socialist and progressive ideas. This has been indisputably confirmed by the many centuries of existence of the bourgeois press. Regardless of the reactionary saying of allocating a place that is not subject to any censorship for the publication of different opinions, what is meant by that is fascist ideology, imperialist propaganda, racist theories, planting and pricing warism, praising gangs and crimes, justifying aggressive wars and other countless crimes of capitalism, and achieving this by publishing any material of any kind. That which pertains to the bourgeois press Peterson's call would not, of course, make any owner of a bourgeois newspaper show any hesitation, for each of the owners of F is well aware of what he publishes in his newspaper, and why he publishes, but the acceptance of this point of view by the editors of the progressive press It leads to the weakening of their sound positions, and to opening the pages of the newspaper or magazine to reactionary bourgeois propaganda that is hostile to the people and to socialism. The connection of Peterson's position with the theory of the moderation and democratization of socialism is a clear matter. The classless or above-class position of the American theorist leads directly to anti-progressiveness and to unrestrained propaganda of the darkest kinds of reaction.

3- The press must present an image that represents all social groups in society. At first glance, it seems how poetic, reactionary, and unrealistic this demand is, to the extent that it negates the need to seriously analyze it and to clarify its incorrectness. The holder of this point of view knows very well the American press and other bourgeois press, and knows the amount of material it publishes that is dedicated to serving the capitalists, their interests, politics, ideology, morals, and other points of view. The bourgeoisie The bourgeois class and how to portray the toilers.

Peterson's views are a clear result of his unwillingness to see the realistic relationship that exists between class forces, and his inability to recognize the class struggle as a basic engine of social life, and to deny class-party criteria as the only and correct method for explaining the phenomena of social life, and as a torch for explaining the development of society. This cannot, of course, be asked of an American writer who does not hide his admiration for bourgeois ideology. But when evaluating his theory, it cannot be judged except as a washing of hands, and that it emanates from the basic theme of the theory of social responsibility of the press.

It can't be just a coincidence to choose an expression (representative painting). The identification gives the possibility of different and even contradictory interpretations, not because it is difficult to determine which painting of the different social groups in society is representative and which painting is not representative. And as long as it is the bourgeois newspaper owners who in the end are the ones who renew their newspaper policy, the last word in this field will be without any discussion their word. And since this word will be in the interest of capitalism, and this is a matter that no one can doubt about, and the bourgeois press proves this daily and irrefutably.

4 _ Newspapers are obliged to explain the goals and values ​​of society.

Here the class approach seems more clear. There is not and cannot be one basic and main goals and values ​​in bourgeois society, which is divided into opposing classes, between which a serious class struggle constantly takes place. Peace and freedom, and there are totally contradictory goals and values ​​for the exploiters (in capitalism), the enslavers (in capitalism), war-mongers, arms producers and dealers, the ruling elite in the imperialist countries, the colonizers and the neo-colonizers.

Whoever has the press in his hand is the one who sets standards and goals. That is why the capitalist press only advocates bourgeois aims and values ​​and in this way influences the understanding of its readers, of whom the toilers make up the greatest part. This is one of the means used by the Hungarian capitalist press to wage class struggle from its own bourgeois positions.

E - The press must give way to all intellectual activities.
Of course, everyone has their own thinking and mind. Although Peterson does not see the class content here either with regard to the basic - social - political, economic, cultural, moral and other issues, the class-partisan approach plays here also the main role. Thinking outside of time and space does not exist and cannot exist. Once again we see that things depend on the norms, goals and values ​​of society and on the real possibility of reflecting through the bourgeois press, as well as through radio and television, different points of view. In fact, this demand does not add anything new to the four previous demands identified by the American writer. That formula defines the requirement. It is similar to the fumigation process that gives a good smell, but it cannot change the truth and the essence of things. Who serves the thinking (mind) of the bourgeois press? The everyday content of this reasoning confirms that it is entirely oriented to a defense
The capitalist system, bourgeois morality, bourgeois law, and bourgeois politics. And others.

Other bourgeois theorists provide a completely different content for the concept of the functions of journalism. West German writer Otto Grote, who spent half a century studying journalism and developing the theory of bourgeois journalism, based his ideas on Hegelian and Kantian philosophy. The Soviet writer Orlov presented, in his study (The West German Bourgeois Understanding of the Functions and Principles of Journalism), a critical analysis of Otto Grote's theory, and from the positions of scientific socialism (18). Proceeding from Hegelian idealistic objectivity, Otto Grote asserted that his "ideal newspaper" and "his model of journalism" cannot be held by the hand. Contrary to another Western German bourgeois theorist in the field of journalism and Trahagemann, who declared that the subject of his studies is (the ordinary newspaper) and enumerated nine advantages of this newspaper, we say, on the contrary, that Grote confirms that the “ideal newspaper” is merely an emission of fragrance and “the radiant spirit of the newspaper.” ) and (the pure idea of ​​the newspaper). The “Intellectual Newspaper” clarifies its content through four indicators: periodical (i.e. issuance at fixed and specific times), public, current and public. However, these indicators are not the form and content of real newspapers, but rather interconnected logical statements through which the newspaper develops the idea and grows in its own bosom and then appears in Time and place . The periodical and the instantaneous realize the existence of the newspaper-idea in time, and the generality and publicity achieve the existence of the newspaper-the idea in the place. And these indicators -