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التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
التصوير التجاري
معدات الكاميرا
CAMERA EQUIPMENT
The camera equipment of any good commercial photographer will depend to a large extent upon the type of work he expects to do . The free - lance press photographer obviously will not require the same camera equipment as the catalog illustrator or the architectural photographer . We cannot , therefore , tell you specifically what equipment you must have . We can list the equipment that is necessary for the usual , more routine types of commercial photography as a general guide to your own requirements . By the time you have had enough practice in your specialized field if you have chosen one , your own experience will tell you what other camera equipment to get .
We have already discussed a few of the more specialized fields in commercial photography , such as portraiture , travel , copying , architecture , and the photo graphy of interiors . In so doing , we have listed the types of cameras which would be found most useful in these specialized fields . Although these are but a small fraction of the possible outlets to your own photographic career , they do cover quite thoroughly all the types of cameras and camera equipment which you are likely to use . We will , therefore , not go too deeply into this subject here , but indicate in a fairly general way the cameras which most all - around commercial photographers will find necessary in their business .
The basic camera for every commercial photographer is , of course , the view camera . Regardless of the type of commercial photography you expect to do , you should have a view camera . Most commercial photographers have a 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 view camera fitted with a reducing back . This permits them to shoot 8 x 10 where this size is required , and only 5 x 7 or 4 x 5 on the jobs where price is the important consideration .
There is a strong trend toward the 5 x 7 view camera among many commercial photographers . This size has a number of important advantages over the larger 8 x 10. If you have an outside assignment and must carry your own equipment , you will find that a camera , loaded film holders , portable lights , and even the minimum of necessary auxiliary equipment makes quite a load for one man . The 5 x 7 camera under such circumstances has a very strong advantage over the considerably bulkier 8 x 10 and its heavier accessories .
A day's shooting can consume quite a large number of films which is very important element of cost in any photographer's budget . The saving that can be made with 5 x 7 film is considerable . Also , the original cost of a 5 x 7 camera and lens equipment is quite a bit less than the 8 x 10. The greater depth of field of the shorter focal length lenses used on the 5 x 7 camera makes it possible to take pictures at a larger lens opening . This cuts down the exposure , which is an important point when models are used .
It is common practice to submit 8 x 10 prints for commercial jobs . This makes it necessary to enlarge from smaller negatives , which is time - consuming , so they cost more than making 8 x 10 contact prints . To offset this disadvantage , it is often possible to produce better pictures by enlargement . The picture can be cropped as desired during projection printing , and it can be dodged much more easily than when a contact print is made .
Which is better for you - 4 x 5 , 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 ? This depends upon the type of work you expect to do . If you expect to do a lot of outside work and will be called upon to supply not more than one or two prints from each negative , the 5 x 7 size is probably the best choice . On the other hand , if you will go in primarily for studio work and may want to make a fairly large number of prints from a negative , an 8 x 10 camera is better , particularly if it is fitted with an extra 5 x 7 reducing back .
A very valuable additional camera for fast shooting outside the studio is a x 5 press type camera such as the Speed Graphic . This camera has a number of features which make the view camera SO valuable to the commercial photographer - a groundglass back for the most accurate thru - the - lens viewing and focusing , provision for the use of sheet film which gives the photographer the widest range of negative materials , lens interchangeability and , to a limited extent , camera movements such as a rising and falling front . With all of these advantages , it is still a hand camera with the hand camera's basic advantages , mobility , and ease of operation which permits quick and efficient shooting .
In many types of photography , maximum sharpness is not an essential requirement . Athletic events and how - to - do - it pictures are good examples and in both cases , the ability to shoot quickly , to shoot from unusual angles , with the minimum of preparation , is often a very valuable asset . Under these circumstances , many photographers prefer to use one of the many roll film cameras designed primarily for precision work . Among these are the 24 x 24 single lens reflex such as the Hasselblad , the Bronica or the SLR Rolleiflex . Many of the how - to - do - it pictures in this course of study were shot with one of these cameras .
Where thru - the - lens viewing is not essential , a twin lens reflex may be used . A twin lens reflex , as you know , is also available with interchangeable lenses .
Where rangefinder focusing and viewing is entirely satisfactory , one of the more modern roll film cameras such as the Graflex XL or the Koni - Omega has its strong adherence . Some photographers find it much easier to focus accurately with a good rangefinder than with any of the groundglass or focusing screen methods .
The 35mm camera must not be ruled out as a commercial instrument . Its many advantages either in the rangefinder model or the single lens reflex types have been discussed many times throughout this course of study . If color slides are to be made , the 35mm camera is usually the preferred instrument , although some photographers prefer to use the 24 x 24 size because they can get greater sharpness and more brilliant colors with the larger slides . This is despite the fact that the larger size makes it necessary to mount the slides in glass to keep them flat enough during projection to take advantage of their capabilities .
التصوير التجاري
معدات الكاميرا
CAMERA EQUIPMENT
The camera equipment of any good commercial photographer will depend to a large extent upon the type of work he expects to do . The free - lance press photographer obviously will not require the same camera equipment as the catalog illustrator or the architectural photographer . We cannot , therefore , tell you specifically what equipment you must have . We can list the equipment that is necessary for the usual , more routine types of commercial photography as a general guide to your own requirements . By the time you have had enough practice in your specialized field if you have chosen one , your own experience will tell you what other camera equipment to get .
We have already discussed a few of the more specialized fields in commercial photography , such as portraiture , travel , copying , architecture , and the photo graphy of interiors . In so doing , we have listed the types of cameras which would be found most useful in these specialized fields . Although these are but a small fraction of the possible outlets to your own photographic career , they do cover quite thoroughly all the types of cameras and camera equipment which you are likely to use . We will , therefore , not go too deeply into this subject here , but indicate in a fairly general way the cameras which most all - around commercial photographers will find necessary in their business .
The basic camera for every commercial photographer is , of course , the view camera . Regardless of the type of commercial photography you expect to do , you should have a view camera . Most commercial photographers have a 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 view camera fitted with a reducing back . This permits them to shoot 8 x 10 where this size is required , and only 5 x 7 or 4 x 5 on the jobs where price is the important consideration .
There is a strong trend toward the 5 x 7 view camera among many commercial photographers . This size has a number of important advantages over the larger 8 x 10. If you have an outside assignment and must carry your own equipment , you will find that a camera , loaded film holders , portable lights , and even the minimum of necessary auxiliary equipment makes quite a load for one man . The 5 x 7 camera under such circumstances has a very strong advantage over the considerably bulkier 8 x 10 and its heavier accessories .
A day's shooting can consume quite a large number of films which is very important element of cost in any photographer's budget . The saving that can be made with 5 x 7 film is considerable . Also , the original cost of a 5 x 7 camera and lens equipment is quite a bit less than the 8 x 10. The greater depth of field of the shorter focal length lenses used on the 5 x 7 camera makes it possible to take pictures at a larger lens opening . This cuts down the exposure , which is an important point when models are used .
It is common practice to submit 8 x 10 prints for commercial jobs . This makes it necessary to enlarge from smaller negatives , which is time - consuming , so they cost more than making 8 x 10 contact prints . To offset this disadvantage , it is often possible to produce better pictures by enlargement . The picture can be cropped as desired during projection printing , and it can be dodged much more easily than when a contact print is made .
Which is better for you - 4 x 5 , 5 x 7 or 8 x 10 ? This depends upon the type of work you expect to do . If you expect to do a lot of outside work and will be called upon to supply not more than one or two prints from each negative , the 5 x 7 size is probably the best choice . On the other hand , if you will go in primarily for studio work and may want to make a fairly large number of prints from a negative , an 8 x 10 camera is better , particularly if it is fitted with an extra 5 x 7 reducing back .
A very valuable additional camera for fast shooting outside the studio is a x 5 press type camera such as the Speed Graphic . This camera has a number of features which make the view camera SO valuable to the commercial photographer - a groundglass back for the most accurate thru - the - lens viewing and focusing , provision for the use of sheet film which gives the photographer the widest range of negative materials , lens interchangeability and , to a limited extent , camera movements such as a rising and falling front . With all of these advantages , it is still a hand camera with the hand camera's basic advantages , mobility , and ease of operation which permits quick and efficient shooting .
In many types of photography , maximum sharpness is not an essential requirement . Athletic events and how - to - do - it pictures are good examples and in both cases , the ability to shoot quickly , to shoot from unusual angles , with the minimum of preparation , is often a very valuable asset . Under these circumstances , many photographers prefer to use one of the many roll film cameras designed primarily for precision work . Among these are the 24 x 24 single lens reflex such as the Hasselblad , the Bronica or the SLR Rolleiflex . Many of the how - to - do - it pictures in this course of study were shot with one of these cameras .
Where thru - the - lens viewing is not essential , a twin lens reflex may be used . A twin lens reflex , as you know , is also available with interchangeable lenses .
Where rangefinder focusing and viewing is entirely satisfactory , one of the more modern roll film cameras such as the Graflex XL or the Koni - Omega has its strong adherence . Some photographers find it much easier to focus accurately with a good rangefinder than with any of the groundglass or focusing screen methods .
The 35mm camera must not be ruled out as a commercial instrument . Its many advantages either in the rangefinder model or the single lens reflex types have been discussed many times throughout this course of study . If color slides are to be made , the 35mm camera is usually the preferred instrument , although some photographers prefer to use the 24 x 24 size because they can get greater sharpness and more brilliant colors with the larger slides . This is despite the fact that the larger size makes it necessary to mount the slides in glass to keep them flat enough during projection to take advantage of their capabilities .
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