نقد النظرية البورجوازية في الصحافة ٢_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

authoritarianism, the theory of free will, the theory of social responsibility, and finally the Soviet communist theory. )

The authors identify the main characteristics of authoritarian theory in journalism as follows:

1 _ This theory was established during the sixteenth and seventh centuries, and until now it is still widely used in many countries.

2_ This theory emanated from the philosophy of the absolute power of the king or his government, or both.

3 _ The main goal of this theory is to support and implement the policy of the governments in power and to serve the state.

4_ According to this theory, the right to use the press is owned only by those who have royal privileges or similar licenses.

5_ The press is monitored through government privileges and with the help of those responsible for the profession and licenses, and sometimes by using censorship.

6 _ The press is forbidden to criticize the political system or the people in power!!

7_ The press is either private or governmental property.

8_ Among other journalistic concepts that distinguish this theory is that it treats the press as a tool for achieving government policy, although the press does not always have to be affiliated with the government. (7)

Zasoriski wrote about this theory, that although | Its class character is clear from its mere formulation, and it expresses the press in the feudal society. The three authors, in their criticism of it, moved away from the historical assessment of the functional connection of the press in the feudal system, and the development of feudal society and absolute ownership. Their criticism came outside of time and outside of history.

The three authors, following the same approach, present the will in the press in the following way:

1- This theory was found and accepted in Britain in 1688, as well as in the United States of America, and its influence spread to other countries.

2 _ This theory was founded on the works of Milton, Locke and Mill, that is, on the basis of rational philosophy and the natural rights of man.

3- The primary aim of the press is to inform, entertain and market, but above all to help uncover the truth and monitor the activities of the government.

4- The press can be used by every citizen who has economic potential and a certain income.

E - the press is monitored by the process of self-production of the established truth (the free market for ideas), as well as by the courts.

6- Insult, slander, and betrayal in times of war are prohibited.

7_ The press is, mainly, private property.

8_ This theory is fundamentally distinguished from other journalistic theories in that the press for it is a tool for government oversight and for meeting some other social needs (8).

In his critical analysis of this theory, Professor Zasorsky asserted that American authors, while opposing this authoritarian theory in journalism, did so outside of history and ignored the clear nature of that saying that calls for putting the press at the service of the rich and defending the interests of big capital. The theory of freedom of the press is traditional in Capitalist countries, and for this reason, the main place was allocated to them in the book. However, the authors pointed out some serious practical defects and shortcomings in the American press, which would call into question the whole statement of freedom of the press. The percentage of American cities where there is newspaper competition is now less than 7 percent. Three television companies, four radio stations and three news agencies control the bulk of the media directed at American citizens.

And after the three American authors admit that the press, as was the case in the ancient times of authoritarianism, has fallen into the hands of one minority, they conclude: The mere fact that censorship of the press has become limited in this way has moved into the hands of owners and mentors.

The media is a new absolute power. It is no longer easy for the press to become a free market for individuals as defined by Mill and Jefferson. The three authors Siebert, Peterson and Schramm concluded that the passage of three centuries since the existence of this theory not only did not lead to its victory, but on the contrary confirmed its sterility, and they found it necessary to find a new saying (9) They named this new saying social responsibility, and presented its content as follows:

1 _ The saying appeared in the United States of America during the twentieth century.

2- This theory was established on the basis of the reports of the Freedom of the Press Committee. This committee was formed in the United States of America during the year 1942 based on the proposal of Henry Lewis, who is the owner of the largest institution for publishing magazines, or on the work of a member of this committee, Lai, who is King and a professor of philosophy at the University of Beirut. Harvard, as well as established and based this theory on the basis of journalistic practice and journalistic conventions.

3 _ The main goal of the press is to educate and market, but it must always transform conflicts into discussions.

4 _ Journalism can be used by everyone, by everyone who has something to say.

E - The press is monitored by public opinion, consumer activities (readers) and professional ethics.

6- The press is prohibited from seriously interfering in people's private lives or in important social and subsistence concerns.

7_ The press shall be private property, except when the government deems it necessary to control the press in order to ensure the service of society.

8_ This theory is distinguished from other theories in its assertion that the media must take upon themselves the duty of social responsibility, and that if they do not do so, then some must force them to do so (10).

Despite the claims of Seibert, Peterson and Schramm that the saying of social responsibility in the press has appeared in the United States of America, this does not apply to the historical truth. And if not earlier, then at least at the same time, this saying, and the expression (social responsibility) itself, appeared in Europe and Asia - and even became the beloved saying of the theorists of the Hitlerite press in Germany, the fascist press in Italy and the Japanese imperialist press. And that is not surprising in anything. That fascism and Hitlerism, which rejected even bourgeois-liberal social freedoms, did not accept, and could not accept, the theory of freedom of the press despite its bourgeois origin. The Hitlerite and Fascist theoreticians who angrily dismissed any notion of freedom of the press.