عناصر ومراحل تطور عملية الاعلام الاجتماعي ٤_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

concepts. Animals can't. Sensory knowledge (which we share with animals) is what is developed in the human mind into logical knowledge, and then into the possibility of abstraction.

Sensual knowledge is knowledge (study, knowledge of) appearances and aspects. Sensory knowledge is the surface and external things. As for logical knowledge, it opens the way to discovering the essence of things and phenomena, i.e. to discovering the inner nature of things.

Social practice obliges man not to limit himself to knowing the surface and appearance of things, but to penetrate to the essence of developments in nature and society, in order to know and grasp what is fixed (inherent, general) in the individual (the private, the one). So, in order for a person to be able to move (gradually) with his sensory impressions towards theoretical thinking, he must be able to discover the basic aspects of things and phenomena, and also discover the essence and laws operating in nature and society.

The more complex the things and phenomena, the more difficult it is to discover the basic (fixed and inherent) characteristics of the thing, and to distinguish it from other things. If you are far from the technical field, and you visit a factory, you may take a number of sensory impressions: different machines. These machines have different shapes, but they are all made of iron. You have seen some moving parts that contribute to the development and progression of the production process, but you do not know well these distinct and specific parts for this or that machine, which makes one call this machine (grinding machine) and the other (grinding machine)..

As for the knowledge of pencils, we are all experts. Where we can all quickly reach the concept of (pencil), because we know that the basic characteristics (fixed and inherent) are the general shape, the wooden material, and the bullet that appears at the sharp end. We can know these basic characteristics through our previous experience. The same for the expert in the technical field. The person who has experience with these machines, because he makes them, operates them, or sells them, can quickly discover and arrive at the concept of a “grinding machine” or even “a grinding machine of the R type.” B . 17 », and that is from just looking at one or two parts of this instrument, which we, who are strangers and far from this field, may not notice.

The division of labor in our time has led to the fact that no one is capable of knowing everything. It is said that the German scientist "Leibniz", who lived more than two hundred years ago, was the last person who knew everything possible to know in his time. During these last two hundred years, science has achieved rapid development, so that it has become impossible for an individual to know everything in the world.

Not everyone is related or concerned with the technical field, and therefore it is not possible to ask everyone to know all kinds of machines. But every person needs a certain amount of mathematics and natural sciences, because these sciences are a necessity and a basic need for all specializations and even for daily life. A basic amount of natural scientific knowledge is necessary because man is confronted with nature, and he changes and develops nature by, and through labour.

But not everyone is involved or involved in building atomic power plants, and for this reason it is not necessary for everyone to learn things and detailed information about this field.

At the present time, every individual is a member of society in his homeland, and every individual is faced with a problem: what is the best means to organize production and raise labor productivity, and what are the social steps that should be taken at the beginning, and how can school education be organized...etc. Each of us is also part of the human race, which is faced with important problems such as war, peace, peaceful coexistence, comprehensive disarmament, etc. Therefore, each of us is required to have a good knowledge of social sciences. Therefore, social sciences are taught in some countries (especially socialist ones) in the basic education stage for all students. It continues to be taught in all vocational schools and universities in a more comprehensive way.

The social sciences (of which epistemology is a small part) are among the most important for those people who pursue a career in social media. Our journalistic specialization is based on the science of journalism, which in turn is a branch of the social sciences tree. This explains the important role of social sciences in the study of journalism in socialist countries.

A person may not be an expert in technical sciences, so if someone else shows him a grinding machine and tells him that it is a “grinding machine,” he may not know that this person has conveyed false information to him. But if a person is a journalist and a social scientist, and someone else tells him that Great Britain is a socialist country because there is a workers' government in it, then it is like someone showing him a pencil and saying to him: “This thing is a palm tree, because it is green.”

The fact that this thing is green, and the palm tree is green. But, as we decided by the green color of this thing has absolutely no effect on defining the essence of its existence. Color is a special feature that absolutely helps in the process of identifying this thing. There are other crucial, defining, and essential features here, so one looks at the general shape, the lead, and says: This thing is a pencil.

The same can be applied to the previous statement about the social system in Britain. The fact that British ministers belong to the Labor Party cannot make Britain a socialist country, just as the green color of a pencil cannot make it a palm tree. Party affiliation for ministers is an entirely secondary feature or characteristic of British society. It is the lead in the pen that makes it a pencil: and the public ownership of the means of production is, above all, what makes society a socialist society. Consequently, one has to look at this basic feature (characteristic) of British society and say: Capitalist monopolies own the means of production, and therefore British society is a monopolistic capitalist society.

Ministers may be Labor, Liberal, or Conservative (just as the color of a pencil may be blue, red, or violet), and as long as the means of production remain in the hands of the minority class that exploits all wage workers, British society will remain a capitalist society. (Just as the pencil will remain the pencil as long as it still maintains its shape and the presence of lead in it).

And the more complex the phenomenon, the more difficult it becomes for people who do not have sufficient knowledge through scientific qualification, the necessary practical mental analysis of the phenomenon, which may make them fall into the error of false abstraction. They may consider some non-essential (non-essential) features (characteristics) as the core of the issue. This often happens when the analysis is incomplete, deals only with superficial relations, and does not investigate the issue (matter, thing, subject) in its entirety. This is why every honest journalist of our time must avoid false interpretations and explanations, and seriously study the laws that govern social development. Only then, will this journalist be able to reach the real essence (content) underlying the outward appearance, and only then will this journalist save himself from being lost.