نظرية الأنواع الصحفية ٤_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

The Daily Journalist. As no journalistic genre can be used usefully unless it is distinguished, directly or indirectly, from its neighboring genres.

Important press types:

The following explanation of the most important types in the socialist press aims only to give a brief idea of ​​each of them. The most prominent of these types:

1- The news: The news presents information about real and relatively independent facts about various aspects of life, in a manner that has a lot of speed and brevity. The news aims to establish initial relations between the reader and the new facts, and through them the reader learns about what happened, what will happen, what has been reached and verified, the conversation that revolves around the incident, and the possible assessment of it. The content of the news can be determined mainly by asking the following six questions: Who? What ? when ? where ? Why ? how ?

The typical thing for a news item is that its headline relates to the aspect
Most important for excitement and incitement. Followed by the introduction or the main report, and then the less important points in a logical sequence, in a way that clarifies and explains all aspects and backgrounds of the event.

2- The article: The article is considered one of the basic types in the daily journalistic work and uses the scientific argument to confirm some positions and ideas, as well as to exhort false and hostile points of view. The article explains to the reader the process of social development and the existing objective relationships between some facts, through a deep disclosure of the importance, significance and results of these facts. Also, the article reveals to the reader the detailed results, and explains the factors that affect it positively or negatively. In this way, the article leads the reader to recognize and verify that he must either support or reject the factors influencing him.

3- The editorial: The main article (the editorial) explains to the reader the important daily topic, and acquaints him with the important events that are considered the main topics in social development, which gives the editorial great importance in the process of political-social-ideological guidance, over a short or long period. This exceptional importance is based on the fact that the subject dealt with in the editorial is very important, and that it is published in the most important and prominent place in the newspaper. In addition to the editorial article that revolves around a current issue, similar forms can be identified, such as the local editorial, which revolves around a local issue and is published in the pages devoted to some regions, or in local newspapers. Then there is also (weekend article) that provides a presentation and calendar of the important events of the week, and finally there are the editorials of weekly newspapers or magazines and others.

4- Commentary: Commentary is considered one of the main journalistic types that are based on argument and reasoning. In the commentary, one typical phenomenon is taken as a starting point for explaining the facts related to a specific aspect. That a particular fact, incident or opinion is thought necessary for the reader to place in a certain causal relationship or to relate it to other facts: the commentary covers possible backgrounds, causes, motives and effects, whether intended or not. Commentary is always used when news, reports and other types of journalism are not sufficient to give the reader a full picture and understanding of the importance of the incident. Thus, it becomes appropriate to write a comment in every case in which the incident is appropriate and capable of helping the reader to acquire new knowledge or to deepen and expand existing knowledge in the light of new facts.

There are many types of commentary, the most prominent of which is the daily commentary, which mainly deals with daily political, economic and cultural issues. As for the weekly commentary, it is more appropriate to deal with the main event of the week. Then there is the short commentary and the quick commentary that gives a clear picture of the event.

E - Report: The report provides information about important events. It clarifies these events in their course and context, and through their dynamics as processes and developments. It also covers, unlike news, more comprehensive and more general aspects of the main aspects of these events. It is, by providing an adequate explanation of the events in terms of time and place, links them with reality more closely, and thus is more able to present the relatively comprehensive, clear and understandable social process. Therefore, the report does not limit itself to the limits of logical presentation of facts and events, but rather includes subjective-emotional elements, and elements of interpretation and commentary.

The report is used when the news alone is not sufficient and able to fully and accurately explain the evolving nature of the phenomenon, as well as when it is not necessary to deal with this phenomenon through commentary or any other similar journalistic type, because the event does not require a detailed explanation and clarification. One of the most important characteristics of a journalistic report is the role the journalist plays as an eyewitness.

6- Reportage: The reportage formulates and depicts the tangible human life, including its contradictions and conflicts, by using journalistic and artistic means, in a literary and vivid way, as if the reader or listener was living this experience himself. Reportage often deals with the individual person, or a specific social sector, especially with regard to the human relationship or other social sectors. The special effect of the reportage comes from its true nature and its documentary authenticity with life.

7 - The picture: The picture revolves around an important incident or an important part of the personal life of a specific individual, who stands in the spotlight for public opinion, or is required to be placed in this circle with the help of journalistic and artistic means that show that the way of thinking, feelings, behavior, struggles and struggles of this person become issues and problems that are useful for other people to know and suffer from, who in turn are in the center of this person's attention. This person whom the picture presents as a cultural and moral model for other people. The aesthetic of these qualities in a person should contribute to the development of the reader or listener and push him towards a positive moral and cultural model.

8- The seminar (dialogue): The seminar is a presentation. A brief or verbatim discussion of a discussion on a specific topic, moderated by the editor, with a number of participants. The discussion aims to provide the best possible answers. Certain questions, and to clarify the subject around which the dispute revolves. The journalist plays the role of a leader and moderator of the discussion. The symposium is used to explain a topic or explain a particular phenomenon, through the dialogue that takes place between the participants, because the method of dialogue is able to facilitate the process of introducing readers and informing them, because it leads them gradually to full knowledge and understanding of the topic through presenting, presenting and discussing the different aspects of the topic, event or phenomenon, as well as through the balance between supporters and opponents, and through battles and dialogues that revolve around the topic. The specific function of the seminar also includes:

A - The richness and diversity of arguments, which is the result of the diversity and richness of ideas, methods and arguments used by the participants in the symposium.

B - Availability of the element of tension that emanates from the conflict of viewpoints on the topic around which the discussion is taking place.

C _ realistic practical effect | Resulting from the documentary and sometimes recorded presentation of the opinions and voices of the participants, which gives an impression of the accuracy and validity of the opinions, and a sense of collective access to an interpretation or decision.

9- The hadeeth: The hadeeth is the presentation of the short or complete text of the answers of the person with whom the interview was conducted, to the questions that the journalist asked her, those questions that are at the same time, in one way or another, the same questions that the reader wanted to ask. In most cases, the hadeeth uses the direct question-and-answer method. The goal of a journalistic talk is to introduce readers to an expert's opinion on a particular issue. This method of question and answer makes it easier for the reader to identify and understand the issue.

10- Review - (Presentation): Review is a critical analysis and evaluation of the content and form of an artistic or scientific work, bearing in mind that evaluating and appreciating this work and determining what it has and what it has is not the main and defining element, but matters that result from the general direction of presentation and review. At the same time, the criterion for selecting works is the determining factor for the relationship between these works and the tasks that the newspaper seeks to achieve.

11 - The Felitone: The Felitone presents individual human relations with their original and typical social characteristics and qualities. In the form of experiments, readers learn how a typical social characteristic emerges within individual human relations. The emergence and emergence of this distinctive social characteristic is always, at the end of the analysis, the emergence of a specific class relationship. The reader becomes aware, with the help of latent phenomena or experiences, the current distinguishing characteristics that exist between him, as a representative of a particular social sector, and the representatives of other sectors. In the process he becomes more acquainted with the emotional and aesthetic relations which bind him to the present phenomenon in question and responds to these very tasks. Fileton blends artistic imagery with commentary in a very special way.

12- The satirical commentary: The satirical commentary revolves around a typical, funny documentary situation, and uses sarcasm and sarcasm. Sarcastic commentary is used when it is appropriate and possible to lead the reader towards a specific situation through sarcasm and laughter.

13- The column: The column was known in the British and American press, and it is about placing a permanent column at the disposal of the journalist, and he is given the freedom to choose the type of journalist he wants to use in the column.