نظرية الأنواع الصحفية ١_a .. كتاب دراسات نظرية في علم الصحافة

the introduction

The Arab library still lacks, to one degree or another, serious studies and translations in the field of journalism, both theoretical and practical. Progressive Arab journalists did not pay enough attention to the issue of studying, publishing and devoting the socialist theory in the field of journalism, and studying the reality of their press in the light of this theory. The Arab bourgeois journalists confined their efforts mainly to some cheap, backward, and sometimes suspicious translations, which were unable to provide the serious Arab reader with the foundations of bourgeois theory in journalism. Despite the existence of some serious attempts, in this or that Arab country, there is a huge void in the Arab library in the field of media studies. .

The series (Journalism Culture), which tries, along with others who are concerned with the issue of progress in our Arab world, to contribute to filling this theoretical void in the field of journalism. It presents to the Arab reader in this book a number of serious studies in the science of journalism. But all this remains within the limits of individual efforts. We hope that media institutes and colleges in the Arab world will undertake this task.

Dr. Adeeb Khaddour

Journalistic genre theory

What is the type ? Let us first know the term Genre, the word of the origin of the form or the genus. This word was used as a foreign term in the French, German and English languages, in various fields and methods in art and science. Thus, in the history of art, we talk about the type and model of painting, and by that we mean the method of painting scenes in daily life, just as we talk about the bourgeois-proletarian model or type. Musicology The word type is used to explain and clarify the model or style of composition, such as symphony, opera, and song. In the world of literature, a distinction is made between three types of literary creativity: the epic, the dramatic, and the lyrical. Each of these types is divided into a large number of branches, such as the poem, the article, the story, the novel, and others.

As for journalism, genre is used as a term in a manner similar to that used in the field of literature, and journalism is at the end of analysis. Another form of literary work, without this meaning that everything contained in literary genres can be applied to journalism.

In this regard, it is useful to emphasize the fact that journalism scholars in non-socialist countries rarely use the term (genre), despite their sometimes interest in studying the journalistic method of expression, and their attempt to put the methods according to an integrated and specific system. What distinguishes these attempts and researches is their isolation from the material content of these methods, and their survival within the framework of observing the external policies of these methods.

Journalistic genres are in every case forms used by political organizations, news agencies, newspapers, radio stations, and television stations. Therefore, it is necessary to note and study the form and content of expression methods, because it is impossible to imagine news, commentary, or reportage as a form only. It is well known that the form and content are subject to fundamental changes and sometimes to a complete change in the new society or in the new system. It is not hard to spot the fact that the editorial in the News-Deutsche Land newspaper is very different from its counterpart in Die Welt or the Herald Tribune. That newspapers that ideologically cannot reach the same values ​​and facts, both with regard to the types of journalism used.

In the socialist concept, journalistic science uses the term (genre) and is meant by that journalistic production that has distinct and relatively stable structural characteristics. Dr. Schmitt, a professor at the Faculty of Journalism at the University of Leipzig 4, has developed a clear concept of journalistic genres as forms of writing, authorship, and struggle) according to the following three standards:

The topic of the genre.
2_ Type function.
3 _ type style.

As for Professor Sher Bakov, a professor at Moscow University, he defined journalistic types according to the following criteria:

1- The nature of the content of the genre, or its subject and material.
2 _ the specific goal.
3 _ Specific results.
4 _ The character of the style used.
5 _ The method used to depict reality.

These two methods still constitute the most serious and comprehensive attempts in socialist journalistic science to find a theory of journalistic genres. It is not useful to present a definition of journalistic genre theory in one short sentence.

1- To be able to evaluate, identify and therefore use, after knowing the possibilities and limits of each type of journalism, the best type of journalism in order to achieve its goal.

2- To be able to realize all the capabilities provided by the journalistic type.

3- To be able to gather all types of journalism in a proper and coordinated manner in a complete journalistic work (newspaper issue or radio or television broadcast period) or in a press campaign.

Journalistic genres as a journalistic-historical phenomenon:

The origin of the different types of journalism, and the huge diversity in their forms, lies in the different and varied social needs and requirements, and in the many tasks that the press tackles to accomplish. The ground from which journalistic forms and types emerge is always the social conditions and their objective requirements and needs. In the face of a new content of life, journalists had to discover new forms of expression that are effective for the reader. These cases and trends can be observed even in our time. The social changes that occur in a society must be reflected in the press, and necessitate the existence of the appropriate type or types of journalism.

The emergence, emergence and transformation of journalistic genres is also affected by the development of the media itself. For although all the genres that we have come to know in the press are found in their general foundations in the new media, such as radio and television, especially with regard to news, commentaries and reportage, these new means, therefore, the summer of the new, have created at the same time new genres such as representational photography 6 and investigation or television investigation.

There is another point that must be taken into account: it is possible, as a result of the varying historical development of the press in different countries, and as a result of the difference