تويت
التصوير الفوتوغرافي الحديث
الجزء الثاني فن النسخ
المعدات، مقعد النسخ
Part II The Art of Copying
Copying is quite a simple procedure and the various techniques involved can be easily learned . Essentially , copying is nothing more than photographing another picture or a document . Every photographer , whether a student , serious amateur or professional , will find it necessary to make a copy on occasion . An original negative may become lost or damaged , and only a print is available . If additional prints are required , there is nothing else to do but to re - photograph or copy the available print . It may be necessary to make copies of legal documents or excerpts from printed books . If the job is a little too complicated or difficult for the office copier often used for such purposes , the photographer can solve the problem by using his camera . In advertising photography , it is often necessary to do a good deal of after work and photo - retouching on the print . If additional copies are required , it is much more economical to copy the retouched print . The field for copying is endless .
Many photographers do a good deal of copying and find that it provides an excellent means of augmenting their income . Some even specialize in this field , since it can be a lucrative business in its own right .
EQUIPMENT
The equipment you will need for copying is not at all elaborate . In fact , unless you expect to specialize in copying , no special equipment is required . Whatever cameras you normally use may be adapted to simple copying , and they will be quite adequate if you expect to do no more than an occasional job of copying . However , copying may be a profitable adjunct to any regular photographic business , and if you do enough of it to make it worthwhile , you can easily improvise a simple copying apparatus which will make the job much easier . Then if you build up your copying business , you can buy commercial copying apparatus to save time and money .
An ordinary view camera or Speed Graphic type of press camera and an easily constructed homemade easel or copying bench will do very well for most of the work you will be called upon to handle . For some types of copying you will need to use special filters . This will be explained later .
THE COPY BENCH
If you are planning to do much copying and want to save yourself time and . trouble , make a special copy bench similar to the one illustrated in Figure 20. No dimensions are given , since these will depend upon the type of camera , focal length of the lens , and the maximum size of materials to be copied . The box on which the camera is mounted should be high enough to bring the lens exactly in line with the center of the casel . Fasten the camera to the box with a tripod . screw . If you do not have a spare tripod screw , an ordinary 4-20 screw or bolt will work just as well . You can get such a screw of the correct length at any large hardware dealer .
Attach two strips of wood or wood molding along the length of the bench on each side of the camera , as illustrated . These strips serve as guide rails when moving the camera forward or back , and ensure that the camera back is always parallel to the easel , thus avoiding perspective distortion .
The two lamps can be mounted rigidly , but it is best to place them on swinging and telescoping arms attached to the bench . This will permit rapid manipulation of the lights , which can be folded out of the way when not in use . If you work with small cameras and your copy equipment is scaled accordingly , flexible goosenecks such as are used with some types of table lamps , will make good lamp supports .
The easel can be a large drawing board fastened permanently to the bench . It is best painted black or some dark color so that it reflects as little light as possible into the camera . It is also a good idea to rule it with ½ inch squares . These will help you to center the copy on it . When the material to be copied is accurately centered and the camera lens correctly aligned , the problem of getting the entire image on the film is greatly simplified .
Figure 20 A suggested horizontal stand for copying with view or press type camera .
A commercial copy camera for the photographer who does a considerable amount of work is shown in Figure 21 .
If you work with small negative sizes , such as 35mm or 24 x 24 , you may prefer to buy a ready - made copying stand like the one illustrated in Figure 22 .
Figure 21 A com mercial copy camera for horizontal or vertical use .
Figure 22 Copy stand for 35mm or 2 " x 24 " cameras .
الجزء الثاني فن النسخ
المعدات، مقعد النسخ
Part II The Art of Copying
Copying is quite a simple procedure and the various techniques involved can be easily learned . Essentially , copying is nothing more than photographing another picture or a document . Every photographer , whether a student , serious amateur or professional , will find it necessary to make a copy on occasion . An original negative may become lost or damaged , and only a print is available . If additional prints are required , there is nothing else to do but to re - photograph or copy the available print . It may be necessary to make copies of legal documents or excerpts from printed books . If the job is a little too complicated or difficult for the office copier often used for such purposes , the photographer can solve the problem by using his camera . In advertising photography , it is often necessary to do a good deal of after work and photo - retouching on the print . If additional copies are required , it is much more economical to copy the retouched print . The field for copying is endless .
Many photographers do a good deal of copying and find that it provides an excellent means of augmenting their income . Some even specialize in this field , since it can be a lucrative business in its own right .
EQUIPMENT
The equipment you will need for copying is not at all elaborate . In fact , unless you expect to specialize in copying , no special equipment is required . Whatever cameras you normally use may be adapted to simple copying , and they will be quite adequate if you expect to do no more than an occasional job of copying . However , copying may be a profitable adjunct to any regular photographic business , and if you do enough of it to make it worthwhile , you can easily improvise a simple copying apparatus which will make the job much easier . Then if you build up your copying business , you can buy commercial copying apparatus to save time and money .
An ordinary view camera or Speed Graphic type of press camera and an easily constructed homemade easel or copying bench will do very well for most of the work you will be called upon to handle . For some types of copying you will need to use special filters . This will be explained later .
THE COPY BENCH
If you are planning to do much copying and want to save yourself time and . trouble , make a special copy bench similar to the one illustrated in Figure 20. No dimensions are given , since these will depend upon the type of camera , focal length of the lens , and the maximum size of materials to be copied . The box on which the camera is mounted should be high enough to bring the lens exactly in line with the center of the casel . Fasten the camera to the box with a tripod . screw . If you do not have a spare tripod screw , an ordinary 4-20 screw or bolt will work just as well . You can get such a screw of the correct length at any large hardware dealer .
Attach two strips of wood or wood molding along the length of the bench on each side of the camera , as illustrated . These strips serve as guide rails when moving the camera forward or back , and ensure that the camera back is always parallel to the easel , thus avoiding perspective distortion .
The two lamps can be mounted rigidly , but it is best to place them on swinging and telescoping arms attached to the bench . This will permit rapid manipulation of the lights , which can be folded out of the way when not in use . If you work with small cameras and your copy equipment is scaled accordingly , flexible goosenecks such as are used with some types of table lamps , will make good lamp supports .
The easel can be a large drawing board fastened permanently to the bench . It is best painted black or some dark color so that it reflects as little light as possible into the camera . It is also a good idea to rule it with ½ inch squares . These will help you to center the copy on it . When the material to be copied is accurately centered and the camera lens correctly aligned , the problem of getting the entire image on the film is greatly simplified .
Figure 20 A suggested horizontal stand for copying with view or press type camera .
A commercial copy camera for the photographer who does a considerable amount of work is shown in Figure 21 .
If you work with small negative sizes , such as 35mm or 24 x 24 , you may prefer to buy a ready - made copying stand like the one illustrated in Figure 22 .
Figure 21 A com mercial copy camera for horizontal or vertical use .
Figure 22 Copy stand for 35mm or 2 " x 24 " cameras .
تعليق