موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ٢_ب

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors..in order according to their nickname..the letter 2_b

⏹ Barnard, Edward Emerson
Edward Emerson Barnard,

American astronomer (1857 - 1923)
Barnard was born into a poor family, so he worked as a boy for a photographer when he was still eight years old, and when he was twenty-six he got a job at the Vanderbilt University Observatory after he had discovered a meteor in 1881, then he worked at the Lick Observatory and discovered the satellite Fifth to Jupiter. Bernard then moved to work at the Yerkes Observatory, where he discovered the so-called black and subgalaxies and drew more than one hundred and eighty of them. Barnard was one of the greatest astronomical observers, and he added a lot to celestial photography.

⏹ Barnard, Joseph Edwin
Barnard Joseph Edwin

English physicist (1870 - 1949)
Barnard is best known for his work developing microscopes. And he was able to develop a method for imaging with ultraviolet light for microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen by any ordinary equipment.
This is because the lengths of visible rays are greater than the size of those objects being investigated.
Barnard collaborated with Dr. Gye. In reviewing some viruses by his innovative method at the National Institute for Medical Research (N.I.M.R) in Hampstead, suburbs of London. Barnard has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

⏹ Barry, Heinrich Anton D
Bary, Heinrich Anton de

German botanist (1831-1888).
Barry specialized in the study of plants, especially the vile ones. Barry was the first to show that some types of thalluses (lycans) cannot live apart from certain types of fungi. Such a state of coexistence is called cooperative cohabitation (symbiosis).

⏹ Barrett, Sir William Fletcher
Barrett, Sir William Fletcher

British physicist (1844 - 1925)
Barrett received a private education, then worked as an assistant to the scientist Tyndall, and finally as a professor of physics in Dublin, Ireland. Barrett emerged as a result of his physical research. He was one of the first to conduct experiments on Pononic tawad (i.e. the transmission of ideas at a distance or telepathy).
Barrett has conducted important studies on magnetic alloys, particularly the Stalloy alloy consisting of iron and silicon.

⏹ Pasteur, Louis

French biologist (1822-1895)
After Pasteur finished his studies in Paris, he held the position of professor of physics in Dijon and professor of chemistry in Strasbourg, then professor at the Sorbonne in 1867.
Pasteur is considered the founder of “microbiology”, as his studies and research led to the discovery of bacteria in terms of their role in the fermentation process. He discovered that the microorganisms in yeast are the cause of the formation of alcohol from sugar. Pasteur explained the production of vinegar from alcohol also by the action of bacteria, and his studies helped to prove that bacteria are not generated suddenly from non-living materials, which strengthened the theory of infection with germs. The process of killing harmful bacteria in liquids, by raising their temperature to a certain extent and for a specified period, is attributed to Pasteur. The process is called Pasteurization.
Pasteur discovered in 1865 the pathogenic bacteria of two types of silkworms. In 1885 he successfully treated rabies and showed the effectiveness of vaccination with a weakened germ. Thus, the door was opened for resistance to diphtheria, cholera, yellow fever, plague, and tuberculosis through vaccination. There is an institute in Paris that was established in 1889 and bears the name of the Pasteur Institute.

⏹ Pascal, Blaise " Pascal Blaise

French mathematician and philosopher (1623-1662).
Pascal was educated at home. And the fantasies of intelligence were evident in him at an early age. At the age of sixteen, he wrote some articles on conic sections. He had a major role in solving many mathematical dilemmas of his time. • Pascal wrote a number of letters on the subject of fluids that qualified him to be one of the founders of fluid dynamics. He participated with Fermat in laying the foundation for probability theory. He also discovered a decrease in the mercury column in the barometer with an increase in height.
In addition to his scientific activity, he achieved a number of inventions, especially those based on physical laws. In the year 1641 invented a calculator that performs the collection process only - Pascal participated in the controversies of religious philosophy in his time and was ill health throughout his life as a result of exhausting himself with a lot of study. His early death was a loss for science and philosophy.
It is named after the pascal, the unit of pressure in the metric system.
Pascal = Newton / square metre
or
Pascal = n/m2
An early calculator designed by Pascal with a kind of automaticity.

⏹ Bassi, Agostino
Agostino Bassi ,

Italian scientist (1773 - 1856)
Bassi was known for his multifaceted knowledge. He had a hobby in microscopes.
Pasi was the first to demonstrate the possibility of infection transmission by micro-organisms. He conducted his experiments on silkworms.

Paxton, Gregory Paul
Gregory Paul Baxter

American chemist (1876-).
Baxter received his education at Harvard, and after his specialization he worked as a professor of chemistry there. Baxter participated with other scientists in determining the atomic weight of lead resulting from the disintegration of radioactive elements present in minerals. This method was used to determine the geological ages of minerals.

⏹ Ballard, Antoine Gisom
Balard Antoine Jerome

French chemist (1802 - 1876)
Ballard learned in Montpellier, then worked as a scientific exhibitor there. He discovered the element "bromine" in sea water, as well as "hyperchlorous acid", as well as "chlorine monoxide". Balazade held the position of professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne and at the College de France.