موسوعة العلمـاء و المخترعين .. العلمـاء بالترتيب حسب اسم الشهرة .. الحرف ٢_أ

Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors..in order according to their nickname..the letter 2_a

◾ Ibn Zuhr, Abd al-Malik bin Zahr bin Abd al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Zuhr

Andalusian physician (1072 - 1162)
Ibn Zuhr was one of the most famous physicians of his time, and one of the most important contributions to the development of medicotherapy instead of surgery · He lived in Seville, and he was from an aristocratic family, and he served in the Almohad court. He wrote many books on medicine, perhaps the most famous of which is his book known as Al-Tayseer fi Al-Tadabeer and Al-Tadbeer, which was translated into Latin in the year 1280 by Paravicius under the title Theisir in Venice, where it was printed several times. The most important characteristic of the book is the independence of thinking based mainly on personal experience
Among his books are also Al-Aghtiaa’ and Al-Jami’ book on drinks and pastes. Some of his books have been translated into Hebrew and Latin.
Ibn Zahr, who is known in European literature as Avenzoar, had a significant impact on European medicine until the end of the seventeenth century.

◾ Ibn Sina: Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdullah
Ibn Sina

Islamic philosopher and physician (980-1037)
Known in the West · Avicenna
Ibn Sina was born in Afshneh, one of the villages of Bukhari.
Ibn Sina of the Muslim geniuses. He excelled in medicine, philosophy and natural sciences. Ibn Sina is considered the organizer of philosophy and science in Islam · His books are many and varied in topics, and are characterized by clarity and brevity.
The Book of Healing is the largest of his philosophical books. It includes logic, natural sciences, mathematics and theology.
He took the doctrine of Aristotle in particular and is considered one of the greatest commentators of his books.
His book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb is a medical encyclopedia that contains what the ancient Greek doctors mentioned, in addition to what the Arabs contributed to in this field. This book was translated into Latin in the twelfth century, and the translation was reprinted sixteen times in the late fifteenth century and twenty times in the sixteenth century. It is believed that it was one of the most used medical books in those ages.

◾ Ebbinghaus, Hermann
Ebbinghaus, Hermann

German psychologist (1850-1909)
Ebbinghaus research on human memory is famous. He conducted a long series of experiments training individuals to memorize meaningless syllables, in order to study the most advanced mental processes.
As a result of Ebbinghaus's research, the study of this subject was revitalized, although it was criticized by more than one party at the time.

◾ Ibn Al-Majdi, Ahmed bin Rajab bin Tanbugha
Ibn al-Majdi

Egyptian mathematician and astronomer (1366-1447)
Ibn al-Majdi Abu al-Abbas was one of the most prominent mathematicians of his time in Egypt. He wrote a number of treatises and books on arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and religious sciences. Among his books: Guidance for the Perplexed to Plan the Excellence of Circles, A Treatise on Working with the Quarter Marked with Bridges, A Treatise on Knowledge of the Orphan Pearl in the Calendar Industry, Modification of the Accurate Moon, Facilitation and Approximation in Explaining Methods of Solution and Composition, Adjustment of Saturn, The Purpose of the Understanding in the Calendar Industry, and Guidance to the Fundamentals of the Questioner Issues and all these literature are manuscripts.

◾ Ibn Al-Nafis, Ali bin Abi Al-Hazm Al-Qurashi
Ibn al-Nafis, Ali

Islamic physician and scholar (1208-1288)
Ibn al-Nafis was born in Damascus and died in Egypt, and he was originally from the town of Qirsh in Central Asia (Beyond the River). He was one of the most famous doctors of his time, and most of them wrote some of them commentaries on the books of those who preceded him, and others from his own experiences and deductions. His summary, which is an abbreviation of Ibn Sina’s Book of Law, Explanation of the Guidance of Ibn Sina, Explanation of the Chapters of Hippocrates, Al Shamel in Medicine, Al Mohdhab in the Use of Kohl, and other non-medical literature on religious and philosophical topics.

◾ Ibn the wanderer, Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Imad Al-Din
Ibn al-Haim

Egyptian athlete (1352 - 1412)
Abu al-Abbas ibn al-Ha'im was one of the great mathematicians in the fourteenth century in Egypt, where he was born and raised, then moved to Jerusalem in Palestine, where he achieved his fame.
He is the author of a number of books on arithmetic and algebra, including: Al-Lama’ and Murshid Al-Talib, Mukhtasar Wajeez in the Science of Arithmetic, Al-Wasila, and Al-Ma’unah and Al-Nuzha. All manuscripts in the science of arithmetic. As for algebra, it has: The goal of the soul is to acknowledge the unknown and the convincing.
As was the case with many scholars of that period, Ibn al-Hā’im occupied himself with religious sciences and wrote about them.

◾ Ibn Al-Haytham, Abu Ali Muhammad bin Al-Hassan
Ibn al-Haytham

A great Arab scientist in nature and optics
And Mathematics (965-1039).
Known in the West as Alhazen
Ibn al-Haytham is considered the greatest scientist who appeared among the Arabs in the science of nature.
His fame is based especially on his efforts in the science of light and optics (optics), and he is considered one of the few optometrists in the whole world.
Ibn al-Haytham has anatomy of the eye and a precise drawing of its layers. Ibn al-Haytham discovered, contrary to what was stated in the books of those who preceded him from the Greeks, that sight does not come about because a ray exits from the eye and collides with the visible body, but rather that the shape of the visible body passes through the eye and is transformed by its transparent substance, i.e. its lens, and it is seen.
It was adopted by Roger Bacon.
And most of the Western writers in the Middle Ages in their writings on optics based on Ibn Al-Haytham's book: Optical Thesaurus.
Ibn al-Haytham almost reached the theoretical discovery of magnifying lenses, which did not take place until three centuries later in Italy. Six centuries passed before Snell and Descartes proved the law of sine.
Most of his writings are letters or articles, some of which became commentaries on the books of the applicants or summaries of them.
Ibn al-Haytham's books covered a wide variety of subjects, including: arithmetic, Indian arithmetic (numbering), algebra and contrast, geometry, trigonometry, transactional arithmetic, practical aspects of arithmetic, geometry and algebra. He has books on astronomy, geography, medicine and pharmacy.