الإصلاحات التى سنأخذ بها فى هذا الكتاب ومدلولها .. كتاب آلة التصوير

The reforms that we will adopt in this book and their significance:

And since these differences focus only on the mere meaning of the nouns without affecting the technical rules necessary for the preparation of these different forms, it would not harm us, then, to agree on definitions of these terms in order to work on them in the future in the folds of this book, and in order for the Arab reader to understand what we mean when you mention a term. specific. The following is the meaning that we will take:

(a) Normal Standard Photographs:

They are those in which the body is farther from the lens than the minimum distance (referred to on page 138) of the necessary distance between the body and the lens, and it is photographed with the usual lens that is provided with the camera without the need to increase the extension of the bellows to be doubled or tripled and without the use of additional lenses. Or extension tubes.

(b) Colse up photography:

It is the case in which the distance of the object from the lens is less than the minimum distance (referred to on p. between the lens and the body of the instrument, provided that the transmission scale does not exceed 1:1.

(c) Macrophotography:

It is the case in which the scale of the transmission is more than 1:1, so the image appears longer than the body, provided that the scale of the transmission does not exceed 40:1, and provided that the magnification is done in one stage. Although we do not see a mistake in the name (Photomacrogrphy), as it does not deviate from being another name for macrophotography, we prefer to use a unified name in the Arabic language, which is (macro photography), in order to prevent confusion or error that may result from the repetition of scientific terms that indicate the meaning of One .

(d) Photomicrography:

It is the case in which the image is enlarged in two stages using an objective lens and an ocular one. Hence, it is the case that requires the use of a microscope for imaging (and therefore it can be called microscopic imaging). Photomicrographic imaging is frequently used for scientific research purposes, recording images of what the eye sees through the microscope when examining very small flat samples.

(E) Microphtography:

Although there is an old confusion between the two terms “microphotography” and “photo micrography”, it is seen in most modern references that there is almost unanimity that microphotography is a name given to minimizing originals (such as documents) to an extreme degree. Thus, the difference between the two previous terms becomes clear, as they are completely opposite in their meaning. While we see that the photomicrographic image is a very enlarged image of a very small object, we find the opposite with regard to microphotographic images, which are very miniature images of objects, subjects, or a relatively large surface, so that seeing these images may require that we use special visual means (such as the so-called Micro readers). In order to make it easier to see it with the eye, or sometimes it may be necessary to use a microscope in order to make it easier to read it.

Microphotography is the method used in secret correspondence in times of war by minimizing documents to an area of ​​approximately no more than a dot above a letter of writing (1). Microphotography is also used for scientific purposes such as making very small microscopic measurements.

Microphotography is also used in photographing archives (1) in government departments and others in which archives are crowded with old documents or correspondence.